Affirm Holdings Inc.

11/06/2025 | Press release | Distributed by Public on 11/06/2025 16:05

Quarterly Report for Quarter Ending September 30, 2025 (Form 10-Q)

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the interim condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q ("Form 10-Q") and our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the discussion under the heading "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis, including information with respect to our planned investments to drive future growth, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the sections titled "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" and "Risk Factors" of this Form 10-Q and our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of forward-looking statements and important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.
Overview
We are building the next generation payment network. We believe that by using modern technology, strong engineering talent, and a mission-driven approach, we can reinvent payments and commerce. Our solutions, which are built on trust and transparency, are designed to make it easier for consumers to spend and save responsibly and with confidence, easier for merchants and commerce platforms to convert sales and grow, and easier for commerce to thrive.
Our point-of-sale solutions allow consumers to pay for purchases in fixed amounts without deferred interest, late fees, or penalties. We empower consumers to pay over time rather than paying for a purchase entirely upfront. This increases consumers' purchasing power and gives them more control and flexibility. Our platform facilitates both true 0% APR payment options and interest-bearing loans. On the merchant side, we offer commerce enablement, demand generation, and consumer acquisition tools. Our solutions empower merchants to more efficiently promote and sell their products, optimize their consumer acquisition strategies, and drive incremental sales. We also provide valuable product-level data and insights - information that merchants cannot easily get elsewhere - to better inform their strategies. Finally, for consumers, our app unlocks the full suite of Affirm products for a delightful end-to-end consumer experience. Consumers can use our app to apply for installment loans, and upon approval, they can use the Affirm Card digitally online or in-stores to complete a purchase. Additionally, consumers can manage the pre and post purchase split of Affirm Card transactions into a loan, manage payments, open a high-yield savings account, and access a personalized marketplace.
Our Company is predicated on the principles of simplicity, transparency, and putting people first. By adhering to these principles, we have built enduring, trust-based relationships with consumers and merchants that we believe will set us up for long-term, sustainable success. We believe our innovative approach uniquely positions us to define the future of commerce and payments.
Technology and data are at the core of everything we do. Our expertise in sourcing, aggregating, and analyzing data has been what we believe to be the key competitive advantage of our platform since our founding. We believe our proprietary technology platform and data give us a unique advantage in pricing risk. We use data to inform our risk scoring in order to generate value for our consumers, merchants, and capital partners. We also prioritize building our own technology and investing in product and engineering talent as we believe these are enduring competitive advantages that are difficult to replicate. Our solutions use the latest in machine learning, artificial intelligence, cloud-based technologies, and other modern tools to create differentiated and scalable products.
Three Months Ended September 30,
2025 2024 $ %
(in thousands, except percentages)
Total revenue, net $ 933,337 $ 698,479 $ 234,858 34 %
Total operating expenses 869,676 831,102 38,574 5 %
Operating income (loss) $ 63,661 $ (132,623) $ 196,284 148 %
Other income, net 19,358 34,303 (14,945) (44) %
Income (loss) before income taxes $ 83,019 $ (98,320) $ 181,339 184 %
Income tax expense 2,326 1,902 424 22 %
Net income (loss) $ 80,694 $ (100,222) $ 180,916 181 %
Our Financial Model
Our Revenue Model
We have three main loan product offerings: Pay-in-X, 0% annual percentage rate ("APR") monthly installment loans and interest-bearing monthly installment loans. Pay-in-X primarily consists of short-term payment plans with one to four 0% APR installments.
From merchants, we typically earn a fee when we help them convert a sale and facilitate a transaction. Merchant fees depend on the individual arrangement between us and each merchant and vary based on the terms of the product offering; we generally earn larger merchant fees on 0% APR financing products.For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, Pay-in-X represented 15% and 14%, respectively, of total GMV facilitated through our platform while 0% APR installment loans represented 13% and 11%, respectively.
From consumers, we earn interest income on the simple interest loans that we originate or purchase from our originating bank partners. Interest rates charged to our consumers vary depending on the transaction risk, creditworthiness of the consumer, the repayment term selected by the consumer, the amount of the loan, and the individual arrangement with a merchant. Because our consumers are never charged deferred or compounding interest, late fees, or penalties on the loans, we are not incentivized to profit from our consumers' hardships. In addition, interest income includes the amortization of any discounts or premiums on loan receivables created upon either the purchase of a loan from one of our originating bank partners or our direct origination of a loan. For the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, interest bearing loans represented 72% and 75% of total GMV facilitated through our platform, respectively.
In order to accelerate our ubiquity, we facilitate the issuance of one-time-use virtual cards directly to consumers through our app, allowing them to shop with merchants that may not yet be fully integrated with Affirm. Similarly, we also facilitate the issuance of the Affirm Card, a card that can be used physically or virtually and which allows consumers to link a bank account to pay in full, or pay later by accessing credit through the Affirm App. When these cards are used over established card networks, we earn a portion of the interchange fee from the transaction.
Our Loan Origination and Servicing Model
When a consumer applies for a loan through our platform, the loan is underwritten using our proprietary risk model. Once approved for the loan, the consumer then selects their preferred repayment option. A portion of these loans are funded and issued by our originating bank partners, which include Cross River Bank, an FDIC-insured New Jersey state-chartered bank, Celtic Bank, an FDIC-insured Utah state-chartered industrial bank, and Lead Bank, an FDIC-insured Missouri state-chartered bank. These partnerships allow us to benefit from our partners' ability to originate loans under their banking licenses while complying with various federal, state, and other laws. Under this arrangement, we must comply with our originating bank partners' credit policies and underwriting procedures, and our originating bank partners maintain ultimate authority to decide whether to originate a loan or not. When an originating bank partner originates a loan, it funds the loan through its own funding
sources and may subsequently offer and sell the loan to us. Pursuant to our agreements with these partners, we are obligated to purchase the loans facilitated through our platform that such partner offers us and our obligation is secured by cash deposits. To date, we have purchased all of the loans facilitated through our platform and originated by our originating bank partners. When we purchase a loan from an originating bank partner, the purchase price is equal to the outstanding principal balance of the loan, plus a fee and any accrued interest. The originating bank partner also retains an interest in the loans purchased by us through a loan performance fee that is payable by us on the aggregate principal amount of a loan that is paid by a consumer. Refer to Note 12. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for more information on the performance fee liability.
We are also able to originate loans directly under our lending, servicing, and brokering licenses in Canada, the U.K., and across most states in the U.S. through our consolidated subsidiaries. We directly originated approximately $1.9 billion, or 18% and $1.3 billion, or 17%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
We act as the servicer on all loans that we originate directly or purchase from our originating bank partners and earn a servicing fee on loans held by third parties, including bank partners prior to loan purchase and third-party loan buyers if subsequently sold as part of our funding strategy. In the normal course of business, we do not sell the servicing rights on any of the loans. To allow for flexible staffing to support overflow and seasonal traffic, we partner with several sub-servicers to manage consumer care, first priority collections, and third-party collections in accordance with our policies and procedures.
Factors Affecting Our Performance
Our performance has been and may continue to be affected by many factors, including those identified below, as well as the factors discussed in the section titled "Risk Factors" in this Form 10-Q and in our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, as updated from time to time in our filings with the SEC.
Expanding our Network, Diversity, and Mix of Funding Relationships
Our capital efficient funding model is integral to the success of our platform. As we scale the number of transactions on our network and grow GMV, we maintain a variety of funding relationships in order to support our network. Our diversified funding relationships include warehouse facilities, securitization trusts, variable funding notes, forward flow arrangements, and partnerships with banks. Given the short duration and strong performance of our assets, funding can be recycled quickly, resulting in a high-velocity, capital efficient funding model. As of both September 30, 2025 and June 30, 2025, our equity capital as a percentage of our total platform portfolio was 4%. The mix of on-balance sheet and off-balance sheet funding is a function of how we choose to allocate loan volume, which is determined by the economic arrangements and supply of capital available to us, both of which may also impact our results in any given period.
Mix of Business on Our Platform
The shifts in merchant volumes and products offered in any period affect our operating results. These shifts impact GMV, revenue, our financial results, and our key operating metric performance for that period. Differences in loan product mix result in varying loan terms, APRs, and payment frequencies.
Product and economic terms of commercial agreements vary among our merchants, which may impact our results. For example, our low average order value ("AOV") products generally benefit from shorter duration, but also have lower revenue as a percentage of GMV when compared to high AOV products. Merchant mix shifts are driven in part by the products offered by the merchant, the economic terms negotiated with the merchant, merchant-side activity relating to the marketing of their products, whether or not the merchant is fully integrated within our network, and general economic conditions affecting consumer demand. Our revenue as a percentage of GMV in any given period varies across products. As such, as we continue to expand our network to include more merchants and product offerings, revenue as a percentage of GMV may vary.
Additionally, our commercial agreements with our platform partners, the expansion of our consumer eligibility criteria, along with the growing repeat usage of our Affirm Card offerings, are driving an increase in low AOV transactions. As a result, while we expect that transactions per active consumer may increase, revenue as a percentage of GMV may decline in the medium term to the extent that a greater portion of our GMV comes from Affirm Card and other low-AOV offerings.
Seasonality
We experience seasonal fluctuations in our business as a result of consumer spending patterns, including Affirm Card, which we expect to mimic the seasonality of our general business in the near term. Historically, our GMV has been the strongest during our fiscal second quarter due to increases in retail commerce during the holiday season and our loan delinquencies are at their lowest during our fiscal third and fourth quarter, as consumer savings benefit from tax refunds. Adverse events that occur during our second fiscal quarter could have a disproportionate effect on our financial results for the fiscal year.
Macroeconomic Environment
We regularly monitor the direct and indirect impacts of the current macroeconomic conditions on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Since 2022, the U.S. Federal Reserve has maintained an elevated federal funds interest rate. Despite the Federal Reserve's decision to begin to decrease the federal funds interest rate in September 2024, uncertainty remains as to whether and to what extent the federal funds interest rate will remain at current levels, increase or decrease in future periods. Simultaneously, economic uncertainty and unpredictability, including the prospect of economic recession and the magnitude, duration and impact of tariffs on global trade, has impacted and may continue to impact consumer spending. These challenges have affected, and may continue to affect, our business and results of operations in the following ways:
•Shifts in consumer demand:We have experienced, and may continue to experience, fluctuations in consumer demand across different merchandise categories due to economic uncertainty, inflationary pressures, elevated interest rates, and other macroeconomic factors. If such conditions deteriorate in future periods, consumer demand may be negatively impacted.
•Elevated borrowing costs:The Federal Reserve began decreasing the federal funds interest rate in late 2024, leading to a decline in our average funding costs in recent fiscal periods. However, the overall interest rate environment remains elevated compared to historical levels, and there is continued uncertainty as to whether and to what extent the Federal Reserve may decrease the federal funds rate further in the future. To the extent the current elevated interest rate environment persists, our transaction costs may remain elevated when compared to historical fiscal periods.
•Volatile capital markets:Since fiscal 2024, capital markets have shown improvement against recent periods. Strong loan performance has allowed us to add substantial capacity across funding channels. Despite these improvements, uncertainties remain in the macroeconomic environment, especially with regard to inflation, the prospect of recession, the magnitude, duration and impact of tariffs on global trade, and the potential for increased unemployment. To address these uncertainties, we leverage our diverse capital ecosystem consisting of multiple funding channels, a diverse set of counterparties, and varying maturity debt schedule to support resilience across various macroeconomic conditions and economic cycles.
Consumer Credit Optimization and Loan Performance
We continue to optimize our underwriting and take other actions to manage consumer loan repayment, increase collections and minimize losses. For example, we offer loan modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to provide greater flexibility for consumers to repay their obligations, through payment deferrals or loan re-amortizations. A payment deferral extends the next payment due date, and while a consumer may receive more than one deferral, the total deferral period may not exceed three months. A loan re-amortization lowers the monthly payments by extending the term, which may not exceed twenty-four months.
These loan modification programs also impact our delinquency rates, and such impact can vary over time. The volume of loan modifications during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2025 decreased compared to the same period in 2024. Loans modified within the last three and twelve months represent 0.12% and 0.20%, respectively, of the outstanding principal balance of loans held on our balance sheet as of September 30, 2025. Our reported delinquency and charge off rates include loans which have become past due or have charged off subsequent to modification. An unknown percentage of loans which have been modified and are current as of September 30, 2025 may become delinquent or charge off in the future. We continue to evaluate the effectiveness of these programs and may modify, expand, or contract their usage, which may affect the timing of reported delinquencies and charge offs in future periods.
Regulatory Developments
We are subject to the regulatory and enforcement authority of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (the "CFPB") as a facilitator, servicer, acquirer or originator of consumer credit. As such, the CFPB has in the past requested reports concerning our organization, business conduct, markets, and activities, and we expect that the CFPB will continue to do so from time to time in the future.
U.S. Income Tax Developments
On July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the "Act") was enacted into law, which included certain modifications to U.S. tax law. The Company is currently evaluating the future impact of these provisions of the Act on our Consolidated Financial Statements.
Additionally, if our recent trend of pretax earnings continues, we believe it is reasonably possible that we may have sufficient positive evidence within the next 12 months to conclude that a significant portion of the domestic valuation allowance is no longer needed. The timing and amount of any valuation allowance release is subject to change based on multiple factors, including our profitability and the extent to which we believe we can sustain it over time. Release of any portion of the valuation allowance would result in the recognition of certain deferred tax assets with a potential corresponding decrease to income tax expense for the period the release is recorded, which would represent a non-cash benefit.
Key Operating Metrics
We focus on several key operating metrics to measure the performance of our business and help determine our strategic direction. In addition to revenue, net income (loss), and other results under U.S. GAAP, the following tables set forth key operating metrics we use to evaluate our business.
Three Months Ended September 30,
2025 2024 % Change
(in billions)
GMV $ 10.8 $ 7.6 42 %
GMV
We measure GMV to assess the volume of transactions that take place on our platform. We define GMV as the total dollar amount of all transactions on the Affirm platform during the applicable period, net of refunds. GMV does not represent revenue earned by us; however, it is an indicator of the success of our merchants and the strength of our platform.
For the three months ended September 30, 2025, GMV was $10.8 billion, which represented an increase of approximately 42%, as compared to the same period in 2024. Overall, the increase in GMV was driven by growth in several key areas including our top five merchants and platform partners, our direct to consumer products, including Affirm Card, and overall increases in our active merchant base, active consumers and average transactions per consumer.
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, GMV growth was diversified across categories and loan products, primarily driven by our services and travel and ticketing categories, as well as our 0% APR installment loans. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, GMV from 0% APR monthly installment loans was $1.4 billion which represented an increase of approximately 74% from $826.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024.
For the three months ended September 30, 2025, the top five merchants and platform partners represented approximately 44% of total GMV, as compared to 47% for the three months ended September 30, 2024. GMV attributable to Amazon during the three months ended September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024 represented 21% and 23%, respectively, of total GMV.
September 30, 2025 September 30, 2024 % Change
(in thousands, except per consumer data)
Active consumers 24,128 19,491 24 %
Transactions per active consumer 6.1 5.1 20 %
Active Consumers
We assess consumer adoption and engagement by the number of active consumers across our platform. Active consumers are the primary measure of the size of our network. We define an active consumer as a consumer who completes at least one transaction on our platform during the 12 months prior to the measurement date.
As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately 24.1 million active consumers, which represented an increase of 24% compared to approximately 19.5 million active consumers as of September 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to a high retention rate of existing consumers and the acquisition of new consumers through an expansion in active merchants and platform partnerships.
Transactions per Active Consumer
We believe the value of our network is amplified with greater consumer engagement and repeat usage, highlighted by increased transactions per active consumer. Transactions per active consumer is defined as the average number of transactions that an active consumer has conducted on our platform during the 12 months prior to the measurement date.
As of September 30, 2025, we had approximately 6.1 transactions per active consumer, an increase of 20% compared to September 30, 2024. The increase was primarily due to platform growth, a higher frequency of repeat users driven by consumer engagement, and growth of Affirm Card active consumers. As of September 30, 2025 and September 30, 2024, Affirm Card represented approximately 11% and 9% of the total number of transactions.
Results of Operations
The following tables set forth selected interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) data for each of the periods presented:
Three Months Ended September 30,
2025 2024 $ %
(in thousands, except percentages)
Revenue
Merchant network revenue $ 251,147 $ 184,339 $ 66,808 36 %
Card network revenue 69,330 47,480 21,850 46 %
Total network revenue 320,477 231,819 88,658 38 %
Interest income (1)
454,122 377,064 77,058 20 %
Gain on sales of loans (1)
119,049 63,613 55,436 87 %
Servicing income 39,689 25,983 13,706 53 %
Total revenue, net 933,337 698,479 234,858 34 %
Operating expenses (2)
Loss on loan purchase commitment 71,552 54,237 17,315 32 %
Provision for credit losses 162,752 159,824 2,928 2 %
Funding costs 110,027 104,145 5,882 6 %
Processing and servicing 133,807 95,146 38,661 41 %
Technology and data analytics 168,106 134,290 33,816 25 %
Sales and marketing 78,491 145,233 (66,742) (46) %
General and administrative 144,941 138,482 6,459 5 %
Restructuring and other - (255) 255 (100) %
Total operating expenses 869,676 831,102 38,574 5 %
Operating income (loss) $ 63,661 $ (132,623) $ 196,284 148 %
Other income, net 19,358 34,303 (14,945) (44) %
Income (loss) before income taxes $ 83,019 $ (98,320) $ 181,339 184 %
Income tax expense 2,326 1,902 424 22 %
Net income (loss) $ 80,694 $ (100,222) $ 180,916 181 %
(1)Upon purchase of a loan from our originating bank partners at a price above the fair market value of the loan or upon the origination of a loan with a par value in excess of the fair market value of the loan, a discount is included in the amortized cost basis of the loan. For loans held for investment, this discount is amortized over the life of the loan into interest income. For loans held for sale, when a loan is sold to a third-party loan buyer or off-balance sheet securitization trust, the unamortized discount is released in full at the time of sale and recognized as part of the gain or loss on sales of loans. However, the cumulative value of the loss on loan purchase commitment or loss on origination, the interest income recognized over time from the amortization of discount while retained, and the release of discount into gain on sales of loans, together net to zero over the life of the loan. The following table details activity for the discount, included in loans held for investment, for the periods indicated:
Three Months Ended September 30,
2025 2024
(in thousands)
Balance at the beginning of the period $ 102,680 $ 98,527
Additions from loans purchased or originated, net of refunds 106,089 78,189
Amortization of discount (71,316) (56,697)
Unamortized discount released on loans sold (30,773) (20,155)
Impact of foreign currency translation (370) 339
Balance at the end of the period $ 106,310 $ 100,203
(2) Amounts include stock-based compensation as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30,
2025 2024
(in thousands)
General and administrative $ 55,773 $ 62,804
Technology and data analytics 24,764 25,972
Sales and marketing 5,076 5,195
Processing and servicing 240 262
Total stock-based compensation in operating expenses 85,853 94,233
Capitalized into property, equipment and software, net 52,885 49,478
Total stock-based compensation $ 138,738 $ 143,711
Comparison of the Three Months Ended September 30, 2025 and 2024
Merchant network revenue
Merchant network revenue is impacted by both GMV and the mix of loans originated on our platform as merchant fees vary based on loan characteristics. In particular, merchant network revenue as a percentage of GMV typically increases with longer-term, non interest-bearing loans with higher AOVs, and decreases with shorter-term, interest-bearing loans with lower AOVs.
Merchant network revenue increased by $66.8 million, or 36%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase is primarily attributed to an increase of $3.2 billion, or 42%, in GMV for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. GMV from our top five merchants and platform partners for the three months ended September 30, 2025, increased 33% compared to the same period in 2024. Our number of active consumers also grew, reaching 24.1 million, as of September 30, 2025, up from approximately 19.5 million as of September 30, 2024.
Transactions per active consumer increased from 5.1 as of September 30, 2024 to 6.1 as of September 30, 2025. The increase in active consumers and transactions per active consumer is partially offset by a decrease in AOV. For the three months ended September 30, 2025, AOV was $260, down from $279 for the same period in 2024. The decrease in AOV is driven by the diversification of our merchant base and our ongoing initiative to drive repeat usage of our platform beyond one-time high AOV purchases.
Card network revenue
Card network revenue increased by $21.9 million, or 46%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. Card network revenue growth is correlated with the growth of GMV processed by our issuer processors. As such, the increase is primarily driven by $3.7 billion of GMV processed
through our issuer processors, an increase of approximately 50% for the three months ended September 30, 2025, as compared to the same period in 2024. This was driven by increased card activity primarily through Affirm Card and our one-time-use virtual debit cards, as well as growth in existing and new merchants utilizing our agreement with card-issuing partners as a means of integrating Affirm services. Card network revenue is also impacted by the mix of merchants as different merchants can have different interchange rates depending on their industry or size, among other factors.
Interest income
Interest income increased by $77.1 million, or 20%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. Generally, interest income is correlated with the changes in the average balance of loans held for investment, which increased by 19% to $7.1 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024.
Gain on sales of loans
Gain on sales of loans increased by $55.4 million, or 87%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase is driven by higher loan sale volume to third-party loan buyers and favorable transaction economics which are impacted by the composition of our loan portfolio sold and other market factors. We sold loans with an unpaid principal balance of $4.9 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to $2.8 billion for the same period in 2024, an increase of 76%.
Servicing income
Servicing income includes net servicing fee revenue and fair value adjustments for servicing assets and liabilities, and is recognized for loan portfolios sold to third-party loan buyers and for loans held within our off-balance sheet securitizations. Servicing fee revenue varies by contractual servicing fee arrangement and is earned as a percentage of the average unpaid principal balance of loans held by each counterparty where we have a servicing agreement. We reduce servicing income for certain fees we are required to pay per our contractual servicing arrangement.
With respect to fair value adjustments, we remeasure the fair value of servicing assets and liabilities each period and recognize the change in fair value in servicing income. We utilize a discounted cash flow approach to remeasure the fair value of servicing rights. Because we earn servicing income based on the outstanding principal balance of the portfolio, fair value adjustments are impacted by the timing and amount of loan repayments. As such, over the term of each loan portfolio sold, fair value adjustments for servicing assets will decrease servicing income and fair value adjustments for servicing liabilities will increase servicing income. We discuss our valuation methodology and significant Level 3 inputs for servicing assets and liabilities within Note 12. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
Servicing income increased by $13.7 million, or 53%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase was primarily due to an increase in net servicing fee revenue which is calculated as a percentage of the unpaid principal balance of off-balance sheet loans. The average unpaid principal balance of off-balance sheet loans increased from $5.4 billion during the three months ended September 30, 2024, to $8.4 billion during the same period in 2025, an increase of 57%.
Loss on loan purchase commitment
We purchase certain loans from our originating bank partners that are processed through our platform and put back to us by our originating bank partners. Under the terms of the agreements with our originating bank partners, we are generally required to pay the principal amount plus accrued interest for such loans and fees. In certain instances, our originating bank partners may originate loans with zero or below market interest rates that we are required to purchase. In these instances, we may be required to purchase the loan for a price in excess of the fair market value of such loans, which results in a loss. These losses are recognized as loss on loan purchase commitment in our interim condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). These costs are incurred on a per loan basis.
Loss on loan purchase commitment increased by $17.3 million, or 32%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to an increase in total volume of loans purchased. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, we purchased $8.7 billion of loans from our originating bank partners, compared to $6.4 billion in the same period in 2024, representing an increase of 36%. Of the total loans purchased, 0% APR installment loans represented $1.3 billion during the three months ended September 30, 2025, and $0.8 billion for the same period in 2024, an increase of $0.5 billion.
Provision for credit losses
Provision for credit losses generally represents the amount of expense required to maintain the allowance for credit losses within our interim condensed consolidated balance sheet, which represents management's estimate of future losses on loans and other receivables. In the event that our loans and receivables outperform our expectation and/or we reduce our expectation of credit losses in future periods, we may release reserves and thereby reduce the allowance for credit losses, yielding income in the provision for credit losses. The provision is determined based on our estimate of expected future losses on loans originated during the period and held for investment on our balance sheet, changes in our estimate of future losses on loans outstanding as of the end of the period and the net charge-offs incurred in the period.
Provision for credit losses increased by $2.9 million, or 2%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, primarily driven by an increase in the provision expense for loans held for investment which increased by $1.6 million, or 1%. Higher provision for credit losses for loans held for investment resulted from a $1.1 billion or 19% increase in the average balance of loans held for investment during the three months ended September 30, 2025 compared to the same period in 2024, and a year over year increase in the allowance rate from to 5.6% as of September 30, 2024 to 5.9% as of September 30, 2025. The allowance rate increased as a result of changes in loan mix, including holding a higher percentage of seasoned and longer term loans on our balance sheet as of September 30, 2025. The impact of the increase in average loan balance and a higher allowance rate was offset by an increase in recoveries during the three months ended September 30, 2025 relative to the same period during the prior year.
Funding costs
Funding costs consist of interest expense and the amortization of fees for certain borrowings collateralized by our loans including warehouse credit facilities and consolidated securitizations, sale and repurchase agreements collateralized by our retained securitization interests, and other costs incurred in connection with funding the purchases and originations of loans. Funding costs for a given period are driven by the average outstanding balance of funding debt and notes issued by securitization trusts as well as our contractual interest rate and distribution of loans across funding facilities, net of the impact of any designated cash flow hedges.
Funding costs increased by $5.9 million, or 6%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase is primarily due to an increase of funding debt and notes issued by securitization trusts during the three months ended September 30, 2025. The average total of funding debt from warehouses and securitizations for the three months ended September 30, 2025 was $6.5 billion, compared to $5.4 billion during the same period in 2024, an increase of $1.1 billion, or 21%. This was partially offset by favorable repricing within our securitizations. The increase was also attributable to a larger volume of on-balance sheet loans being retained during the period. The average on-balance sheet loan balance was $7.1 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2025, an increase of 19% compared to $6.0 billion during the same period in 2024.
Processing and servicing
Processing and servicing expense consists primarily of payment processing fees, third-party customer support and collection expense, salaries and personnel-related costs of our customer care team, platform fees, and allocated overhead.
Processing and servicing expense increased by $38.7 million, or 41%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. This increase is driven partially by an increase in
payment processing fees of $23.5 million, or 42%, related to an increase of $2.9 billion, or 41%, in payment volume for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024.
During the three months ended September 30, 2025, our platform fees increased by $11.0 million, or 52%, due to an increase in volume with a large enterprise partner. Additionally, our customer service and collection costs increased by $6.4 million, or 43%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. This is driven by growth in our overall loan portfolio, including both loans held for investment and loans serviced for third parties, due to the increase in the number of consumer transactions. The number of consumer transactions increased by 52% during the three months ended September 30, 2025, from continued growth at our merchants and platform partners.
Technology and data analytics
Technology and data analytics expense consists primarily of the salaries, stock-based compensation, and personnel-related costs of our engineering, product, and credit and analytics employees, as well as the amortization of internally-developed software and technology intangible assets, and our infrastructure and hosting costs.
Technology and data analytics expense increased by $33.8 million, or 25%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase is partially driven by amortization of internally-developed software which increased by $19.3 million, or 43%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, as a result of an increase in the number of capitalized projects. Capitalized projects in service grew by 59% from approximately 1,000 projects as of September 30, 2024 to 1,590 projects as of September 30, 2025. Data infrastructure and hosting costs increased by $8.9 million, or 38%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase in data infrastructure and hosting costs was primarily driven by an increase in the number of consumer transactions. During the three months ended September 30, 2025, the number of consumer transactions increased by 52% from continued growth at our merchants and platform partners. Stock-based compensation and payroll and personnel-related costs increased by $3.3 million, or 6%, for the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to an increase in headcount.
Sales and marketing
Sales and marketing costs consist of the expense related to warrants and other share-based payments granted to our enterprise partners, salaries and personnel-related costs, and costs of marketing and promotional activities.
Sales and marketing expense decreased by $66.7 million, or 46%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by a $66.3 million, or 62%, decrease in Amazon warrant expense during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024, primarily due to a portion of the warrants becoming fully vested as of December 2024.
General and administrative
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of expenses related to our finance, legal, risk operations, human resources, and administrative personnel. General and administrative expenses also include costs related to fees paid for professional services, including legal, tax and accounting services, allocated overhead, and certain discretionary expenses incurred from operating our technology platform.
General and administrative expense increased by $6.5 million, or 5%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. The increase is primarily due to increases in professional services, related to consulting and legal fees, as well as, software and subscriptions.
Other income, net
Other income, net includes interest earned on our money market funds included in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, interest earned on securities available for sale, impairment or other adjustments to
the cost basis of non-marketable equity securities held as cost, gains and losses on derivative agreements not designated within a hedging relationship, amortization of convertible debt issuance cost as well as gains (losses) on extinguishment, revolving credit facility issuance costs, fair value adjustments related to contingent liabilities, and other income or expense arising from activities that are unrelated to our primary business.
Other income, net, decreased by $14.9 million, or 44%, during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to the same period in 2024. The decrease for the three months ended September 30, 2025, was primarily driven by a $18.1 million, or 92%, reduction in gain recognized on the early extinguishment of convertible debt reflecting fewer repurchases, compared to the same period in 2024. This was partially offset by the absence of investment impairments during the three months ended September 30, 2025, compared to a $3.0 million impairment for the same period in 2024.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Sources and Uses of Funds
We maintain a capital-efficient model through a diverse set of funding sources. When we originate a loan directly or purchase a loan originated by our originating bank partners, we often utilize warehouse credit facilities with certain lenders to finance our lending activities or loan purchases. We sell the loans we originate or purchase from our originating bank partners to whole loan buyers and securitization investors through forward flow arrangements and securitization transactions, and earn servicing fees from continuing to act as the servicer on the loans. We proactively manage the allocation of loans on our platform across various funding channels based on several factors including, but not limited to, internal risk limits and policies, capital market conditions and channel economics. Our excess funding capacity and committed and long-term relationships with a diverse group of existing funding partners help provide flexibility as we optimize our funding to support the growth in loan volume.
Our principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents, available for sale securities, available capacity from warehouse and revolving credit facilities, securitization trusts, forward flow loan sale arrangements, and certain cash flows from our operations. As of September 30, 2025, we had $2.2 billion in cash and cash equivalents and available for sale securities, $5.4 billion in available funding debt capacity, excluding our purchase commitments from third party loan buyers, and $330.0 million in borrowing capacity available under our revolving credit facility. We believe our principal sources of liquidity are sufficient to meet both our existing operating, working capital, and capital expenditure requirements and our currently planned growth for at least the next 12 months.
The following table summarizes our cash, cash equivalents and investments in debt securities (in thousands):
September 30, 2025 June 30, 2025
Cash and cash equivalents (1)
$ 1,428,848 $ 1,354,455
Investments in short-term debt securities (2)
612,804 652,491
Investments in long-term debt securities (2)
199,638 218,934
Cash, cash equivalent and investments in debt securities
$ 2,241,290 $ 2,225,880
(1)Cash and cash equivalents consist of checking, money market and savings accounts held at financial institutions and short-term highly liquid marketable securities, including money market funds, agency bonds, commercial paper, and government bonds purchased with an original maturity of three months or less.
(2)Securities available for sale at fair value primarily consist of certificates of deposits, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, commercial paper, agency bonds, and government bonds. Short-term securities have maturities less than or equal to one year, and long-term securities range from greater than one year to less than five years.
Debt
Debt as of September 30, 2025 primarily includes funding debt, notes issued by securitization trusts, convertible senior notes and our revolving credit facilities. A detailed description of each of our borrowing arrangements is included in Note 8. Debt in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements.
The following table summarizes the future maturities of our warehouse credit facilities, variable funding notes, sale and repurchase agreements, and notes issued by securitizations trusts as of September 30, 2025:
Maturity Fiscal Year Borrowing Capacity Principal Outstanding
(in thousands)
2026 $ - $ -
2027 1,850,000 459,355
2028 1,646,843 901,115
2029 1,250,000 1,269,841
2030 947,623 897,754
Thereafter 6,300,000 3,118,112
Total $ 11,994,466 $ 6,646,177
Warehouse Credit Facilities
Our warehouse credit facilities allow us to borrow up to an aggregate of $5.2 billion, and mature between 2027 and 2032. We may continue to pledge new receivables to allow us to borrow up to the commitment amount throughout the revolving period for each facility. The length of the revolving period, the maximum amount we may borrow against pledged collateral balance during the revolving period, and the length of the amortization period prior to the maturity date varies across borrowing facilities depending on negotiated loan terms. As of September 30, 2025, we have drawn an aggregate of $1.2 billion on our warehouse credit facilities. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants in the agreements.
We use various credit facilities to finance the origination of loan receivables in Canada. Similar to our U.S. warehouse credit facilities, borrowings under these agreements are referred to as funding debt, and proceeds from the borrowings may only be used for the purposes of facilitating loan funding and origination. These facilities are secured by Canadian loan receivables pledged to the respective facility as collateral, maturing between 2028 and 2030. As of September 30, 2025, the aggregate commitment amount of these facilities was $644.5 million on a revolving basis, of which $460.1 million was drawn.
As we continue to expand in new geographies, we intend to add the necessary funding capacity to support our growth objectives.
Variable Funding Note
We have entered into a syndicated revolving loan agreement through a securitization master trust which is utilized to fund the purchase and origination of loans. In connection with the loan agreement, the master trust issued a variable funding note ("VFN"), where borrowings will be secured by loan collateral sold to the master trust. Our VFN allows us to borrow up to an aggregate of $1.4 billion and matures in 2032. As of September 30, 2025, we have drawn an aggregate of $65.2 million on our VFN. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants in the agreements.
Sale and Repurchase Agreements
We entered into various sale and repurchase agreements pursuant to our retained interests in our off-balance sheet securitizations where we have sold these securities to a counterparty with an obligation to repurchase at a
future date and price. These repurchase agreements have a term equaling the contractual life of the securitization notes pledged. We had $21.3 million in debt outstanding under our sale and repurchase agreements disclosed within funding debt in the interim condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2025.
Securitizations
We finance the origination and purchase of loans though our asset-backed securitization program using a combination of amortizing, revolving and variable funding structures. In connection with our program, we sponsor and establish trusts (deemed to be VIEs) which issue securities collateralized by the loans we sell to the trust. Securities issued from our asset-backed securitizations are senior or subordinated, based on the waterfall criteria of loan payments to each security class. The subordinated residual interests issued from these transactions are first to absorb credit losses in accordance with the waterfall criteria. For these VIEs, the creditors have no recourse to the general credit of Affirm and the liabilities of the VIEs can only be settled by the respective VIEs' assets. Additionally, the assets of the VIEs can be used only to settle obligations of the VIEs. Refer to Note 9. Securitization and Variable Interest Entities in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.
Revolving Credit Facility
Our revolving credit facility has an aggregate commitment amount of $330.0 million, with a final maturity date of June 26, 2027. Proceeds from the borrowings under this facility will be used for general corporate purposes in the ordinary course of business. As of September 30, 2025, there are no borrowings outstanding under the facility. The facility contains certain covenants and restrictions, including certain financial maintenance covenants. As of September 30, 2025, we were in compliance with all applicable covenants in the agreements. Refer to Note 8. Debt in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on our revolving credit facility.
Convertible Senior Notes
Our convertible senior notes have an aggregate principal balance of $1.1 billion, and bear no interest, in the case of the 2026 Notes, and bear an interest rate of 0.75% per year, in the case of the 2029 Notes, which is payable semiannually. The 2026 Notes mature on November 15, 2026, and the 2029 Notes mature on December 15, 2029, in each case unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased in accordance with their terms. Refer to Note 8. Debt in the notes to the interim condensed consolidated financial statements for further details.
Other Funding Sources
Forward Flow Loan Sale Arrangements
We have forward flow loan sale arrangements that facilitate the sale of whole loans across a diverse third-party investor base. Forward flow arrangements are generally fixed term in nature, with term lengths ranging between one to three years, during which we periodically sell loans to each counterparty based on the terms of our negotiated agreement. As part of our capital strategy, we seek to partner with counterparties that can provide long-term, stable funding to support the ongoing growth and diversification of our loan portfolio.
Cash Flow Analysis
The following table provides a summary of cash flow data during the periods indicated:
Three Months Ended September 30,
2025 2024
(in thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities 374,572 196,867
Net cash used in investing activities (139,611) (574,999)
Net cash provided by financing activities 110,086 465,625
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Our largest sources of operating cash are fees charged to merchant partners on transactions processed through our platform and interest income from consumers' loans. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for general and administrative, technology and data analytics, funding costs, processing and servicing, and sales and marketing expenses.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $374.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025, which reflected adjustments for significant non-cash items, including provision for losses, amortization of premiums and discounts on loans, gain on sale of loans, commercial agreement warrant expense, stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, and changes in operating assets and liabilities. Total adjustments and changes in operating assets and liabilities collectively resulted in a net increase in operating cash flows of $293.9 million.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $196.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, which reflected adjustments for significant non-cash items, including provision for credit losses, amortization of premiums and discounts on loans, gain on sale of loans, commercial agreement warrant expense, stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, and changes in operating assets and liabilities. Total adjustments and changes in operating assets and liabilities collectively resulted in a net increase in operating cash flows of $297.1 million.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $139.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Cash outflows were primarily driven by purchases and origination of loans held for investment of $9.8 billion, purchases of securities available for sale of $146.5 million, and property, equipment and software additions of $54.4 million. Cash inflows included $5.4 billion from principal repayments and other loan servicing activity, $4.3 billion in proceeds from the sale of loans held for investment, and $216.4 million of proceeds from maturities and repayments of securities available for sale.
Net cash used in investing activities was $575.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024, Cash outflows were primarily driven by purchases and origination of loans held for investment of $6.4 billion, purchases of securities available for sale of $136.7 million, and property, equipment and software additions of $44.2 million. Cash inflows included $4.1 billion of principal repayments and other loan servicing activity, $1.6 billion in proceeds from the sale of loans held for investment, and $215.7 million of proceeds from maturities and repayments of securities available for sale.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities was $110.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2025. Cash inflows were driven by $9.1 billion in proceeds from the issuance of secured debt, including funding debt and securitization notes and certificates, and $94.8 million from the exercise of common stock options and warrants and employee contributions to ESPP. Cash outflows included $8.9 billion related to principal repayments
on secured debt, $24.8 million related to the extinguishment of a portion of our 2026 Notes and $112.3 million for taxes paid on vested equity awards.
Net cash provided by financing activities was $465.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2024. Cash inflows were primarily driven by $3.9 billion in proceeds from the issuance of secured debt, including funding debt and securitization notes and certificates. Cash outflows included $3.3 billion related to principal repayments on secured debt, $120.1 million related to the extinguishment of a portion of our 2026 Notes, and $63.2 million related to taxes paid on vested equity awards.
Contractual Obligations
There were no material changes outside of the ordinary course of business in our commitments and contractual obligations for the three months ended September 30, 2025 from the commitments and contractual obligations disclosed in the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Contractual Obligations," set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, which was filed with the SEC on August 28, 2025.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
In the ordinary course of business, we engage in activities that are not reflected within our interim condensed consolidated balance sheets, generally referred to as off-balance sheet arrangements. These activities involve transactions with unconsolidated VIEs, including securitization and forward flow transactions. Across these transactions, ongoing involvement typically includes contractual loan servicing arrangements and loan repurchase obligations in connection with breaches in ordinary course of business representations and warranties.
We have entered into unconsolidated securitization transactions where Affirm is the sponsor and risk retention holder, Affirm could experience a loss of up to 5% of both the senior notes and residual trust certificates. In the unlikely event principal payments on the loans backing any off-balance sheet securitization are insufficient to pay holders of senior notes and residual trust certificates, including any retained interests held by Affirm, then any amounts we contributed to the securitization reserve accounts may be depleted.
Under certain other forward flow loan sale arrangements with third-party loan buyers, we have entered into risk sharing agreements where we may be required to make a payment to the loan buyer or are entitled to receive a payment from the loan buyer, depending on the actual versus expected loan performance as contractually agreed to with the counterparty, and subject to a cap based on a percentage of the principal balance of loans sold.
In addition to risk sharing arrangements, we may hold beneficial interests in certain off-balance sheet VIEs that have been established by third-party loan buyers in connection with structured transactions. These beneficial interests represent our right to receive a portion of the residual cash flows from the underlying loans sold in connection with these transactions.
Risk sharing arrangements and beneficial interests are considered variable interests in the unconsolidated VIEs holding the loan assets transferred, as their value is exposed to the performance of those loans. For off-balance sheet VIEs where we hold variable interest, we have determined that our exposure to transaction economics is insignificant relative to the expected losses or residual returns.
As of September 30, 2025, the aggregate outstanding balance of loans held by third-party investors and off-balance sheet securitizations was $8.5 billion. Refer to Note 9. Securitization and Variable Interest Entities and Note 12. Fair Value of Financial Assets and Liabilities of the accompanying notes to our interim condensed consolidated financial statements for more information.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and requires us to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Because certain of these accounting policies require significant judgment, our actual results may differ materially from our estimates. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future consolidated financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows may be affected.
We evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates on an ongoing basis and update them as necessary based on changes in market conditions or factors specific to us. There have been no material changes in our significant accounting policies or critical accounting estimates during the three months ended September 30, 2025.
For a complete discussion of our significant accounting policies and critical accounting estimates, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2025 within Note 2 to the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations- Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates."
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