UCF Expert Plays Key Role in International Research to Combat Dengue Fever, Zika

Highlights

• James Earnest, an assistant professor at the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, is leading two new research projects to examine how humans build an immune response to dengue and the Zika viruses over time, in pursuit of creating better preventative measures.

• Because Florida is a top international travel destination, reducing disease transmission can help the state.

• Earnest's research is backed by subcontracts to the Uganda Virus Research Institute through Wellcome and Emory University in partnership with the National Institutes of Health totaling more than $1 million.

Nearly half of the world's citizens live in areas with a risk of catching dengue fever, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. As the mosquito-borne illness rapidly spreads, especially in the Americas and Caribbean, a UCF College of Medicine researcher is playing a crucial role in finding solutions.

James Earnest, an assistant professor at the Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, is leading two new research projects to examine how humans build an immune response to dengue and the Zika virus over time, in pursuit of creating better preventative measures.

From left to right: UCF research associate Daniel Limonta,UCF Assistant Professor James Earnest and biomedical sciences doctoral student Bruno Pinheiro '25. (Photo by Eddy Duryea '13 )

Tackling a Global Problem

Both dengue and Zika are carried by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which has expanded its habitat from Africa to tropical, subtropical and even temperate areas worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, dengue infections in humans climbed from 505,430 in 2000 to 14.6 million in 2024, an increase of more than 2,700%.

Dengue can be asymptomatic or cause severe pain, fatigue and high fever. Repeated infections can be fatal.

Since 2017, there have been few cases of Zika recorded in the U.S., but the disease persists sporadically in Africa, the Americas and Asia. The virus' biggest health concern is for pregnant women because contracting Zika can increase risks for serious congenital birth defects.

While people in Mexico and Uganda may benefit from this research, Florida's location as a worldwide travel destination adds to the growing need for solutions. U.S. dengue cases are on the rise and have been reported in Florida, California, Texas and Hawaii. Most are related to travel. Dengue is also prevalent in Puerto Rico.

"The threat to the U.S. is growing over time. … We want to be the leaders at looking at these viruses." - James Earnest, UCF Assistant Professor

"With more favorable temperatures and with people traveling around the globe these days, the threat to the U.S. is growing over time," Earnest says. "I think, especially here in Florida, the potential for these mosquitoes to live in these areas and start transmitting these diseases in the very near future is high. UCF recognizes that this is an important avenue of research for this region, and so we want to be the leaders at looking at these viruses."

Earnest's research field team in Mexico collects samples. (Photo provided by James Earnest)

How the UCF Research Works

Earnest's lab is focused on how the immune system responds to mosquito-borne viruses. Before arriving at UCF in 2024, he tracked dengue via longitudinal sampling in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula.

Earnest is collaborating with the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) through a five-year $970,813 subcontract, part of a larger grant awarded to UVRI from Wellcome, a London-based charitable organization that supports science to solve urgent health challenges. The project aims to study immune system and antibody responses to dengue and Zika in large cohorts of people in Uganda and in Mexico.

UCF will also collaborate with Emory University on a $578,157 grant from the National Institutes of Health, with Earnest subcontracted to Emory to study whether combining two current dengue inoculations used in Brazil gives humans better protection against repeat infections.

"It's important that we understand what good and bad immune responses look like to these viruses." - James Earnest, UCF Assistant Professor

"It's important that we understand what good and bad immune responses look like to these viruses," Earnest says. "When we know those factors, then we can try to steer people in the right direction so that their antibodies will protect them from disease."

Earnest will coordinate with teams in other countries to regularly collect blood samples and measure antibody production to get a comprehensive look at how different people's bodies react to dengue and Zika over time. The samples will be collected and processed in Mexico and Uganda, and Earnest will analyze the results in his lab.

"I think what's unique about this work is that we're following people over time and not necessarily just when they get sick," Earnest says.

His research focuses on B cells, which are white blood cells that make antibodies and help the body remember how to fight infections. By tracking how people's B cells change over time, his team aims to understand how immune responses differ across regions.

In a related project with Emory, the lab will identify the most effective memory B cells and antibodies induced by two existing methods of inoculation for dengue, then test whether combining those methods in Brazilian trial participants produces a stronger immune response.

Students Aim to Save Lives Through Lab Work

With this new research, Earnest's lab has welcomed two new UCF students who have personal experience with dengue and Zika.

Maiesha Mahmood, a second-year biotechnology master's student, is from Bangladesh, where the threat of dengue looms.

"I have been around dengue a lot growing up," Mahmood says. "I know people who have been in hospital with severe forms of dengue, and people who've passed away suddenly. People become scared of mosquitos and dengue."

She says she hopes UCF's research will someday save lives.

"Back in Bangladesh, we don't really have a lot of facilities that can support virology research," she says. "It was a huge opportunity to be able to come here and be able to work with Dr. Earnest. I want to continue looking into these kinds of viruses and find a way to help people who keep suffering from these diseases."

Bruno Pinheiro '25, a first-year Ph.D. candidate, joined Earnest's lab to further his education and hopes research will help people close to him.

"My family is from Brazil and so Zika was a very big thing for them," says Pinheiro, who earned his bachelor's degree in biotechnology "It's great to work on something that you can feel will impact the community that you're a part of."

Researcher Credentials:

Earnest joined UCF's College of Medicine as an assistant professor in 2024. He earned his doctorate in microbiology and immunology from Loyola University Chicago in 2017. He performed postdoctoral research at Washington University in St. Louis studying antibody responses to mosquito-borne viruses and Emory University where he managed clinical field trials in Latin America.

Funding and Disclosure:

Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number U01AI186860. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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