Annual Report of Employee Stock Purchase/Savings Plan (Form 11-K)

REQUIRED INFORMATION

The following financial statements and supplemental information of the Douglas Dynamics, L.L.C. 401(k) Plan, prepared in accordance with the financial reporting requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended, are filed herewith.

DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, L.L.C.

401(k) PLAN

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

December 31, 2025 and 2024

DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, L.L.C.

401(k) PLAN

STATEMENTS OF NET ASSETS AVAILABLE FOR BENEFITS

December 31, 2025 and 2024

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements

DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, L.L.C.

401(k) PLAN

STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN NET ASSETS AVAILABLE FOR BENEFITS

Year Ended December 31, 2025

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements

NOTE 1 - DESCRIPTION OF PLAN

The following is a brief description of the Douglas Dynamics, L.L.C. 401(k) Plan (the "Plan") as in effect during 2025. Participants should refer to the Plan Document and Summary Plan Description for a more complete discussion of the provisions of the Plan.

General

The Plan is a defined contribution plan established on January 1, 1988 and most recently amended and restated effective November 3, 2025. All employees (other than leased employees of Douglas Dynamics, L.L.C. (the "Company") and its controlled group members who have adopted the plan) are eligible for participation in the Plan. Employees become participants on the first day of each calendar quarter following their employment commencement date. The Plan is subject to the provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA"), as amended.

In connection with an asset acquisition on November 3, 2025, Venco Venturo, LLC (a wholly owned subsidiary of Douglas Dynamics) became a participating employer in the Plan and employees hired by Venco Venturo, LLC as part of that asset acquisition became eligible to participate in the Plan as of December 1, 2025 and were permitted to elect a rollover of their account balances under their prior employer's plan.

Contributions

Contributions to the Plan are made by the participants in the Plan and by the Company and are subject to the provisions of Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC).

New employees that meet the requirements to participate in the Plan are automatically enrolled with a default 3% deferral rate, increasing each year until the participant reaches a 10% deferral rate, unless otherwise elected by the Plan participant.

Participants can contribute up to 70% of their eligible compensation, as defined, to the Plan, subject to limits set forth by the IRC. Participants who attained age 50 before the end of the Plan year are eligible to make catch-up contributions. The Company has a Company matching percentage of 100% of contributions up to 3% of compensation, plus 50% of contributions over 3% of compensation up to 6% of compensation. Additional contributions could be made at the

option of the Company's Board of Managers subject to certain limitations set forth in the Plan. All participant and Company contributions are 100% vested.

Participants may also contribute amounts representing distributions from other qualified defined benefit or defined contribution plans (rollover). Participants direct the investment of their contributions into various investment options offered by the Plan. The Plan currently offers mutual funds, Company stock, common collective trusts and a fixed income fund.

Participant Accounts

Each participant's account is credited with the participant's contribution and allocations of (a) the Company's contribution and (b) Plan earnings or losses. Allocations are based on the participant's eligible compensation or account balances, as defined. The benefit to which a participant is entitled is the benefit that can be provided from the participant's vested account.

NOTE 1 - DESCRIPTION OF PLAN (CONTINUED)

Notes Receivable from Participants

Participants may borrow from their fund accounts a minimum of $1,000 up to a maximum of $50,000 or 50% of their vested account balance, whichever is less. Notes receivable transactions are treated as a transfer between the investment fund and the notes receivable fund. Notes receivable terms range from one to five years, although a longer term is permitted if proceeds are for the purchase of a primary residence. The notes receivable are secured by the balance in the participant's account and bear a reasonable fixed rate of interest to be determined by the Loan Administrator at the time the loan was made. Principal and interest are paid ratably through payroll deductions in those cases where repayment through payroll deduction is available. Payments of principal and interest are credited to the participant's account.

Forfeitures

Forfeitures are comprised of non-vested funds from employees who were terminated prior to 2019 or suspense forfeitures which are created by transactions such as the overfunding of Company contributions. In 2019 the Company switched to a safe harbor plan where participants are immediately 100% vested in both employee and Company contributions. Unvested funds from prior to 2019 move to the forfeiture account 5 years after termination if the employee does not withdraw the funds. Forfeited nonvested accounts will be used to pay administrative expenses, reduce Company contributions, or be reallocated to participants. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were $1,110 and $773 of forfeited nonvested accounts available to reduce Company contributions and pay administrative expenses, respectively. In 2025 forfeitures were not used to offset Company Contributions or pay administrative expenses.

Benefit Payments

Plan benefits are payable upon retirement at age 65 or later, disability, death, financial hardship, or termination of employment. Upon death, a participant's account will be paid to the beneficiary in a lump sum upon the valuation date immediately following death. If a participant is at least age

59-1/2, an election may be made generally once each year, online, to receive a payment consisting of all or part of the account balance.

If the participant's vested account does not exceed $7,000 or greater, upon retirement or termination of employment other than death, the vested account will generally be paid in one single sum (subject to exceptions described in the Plan). An account can be maintained up to age 73, at which time payment must be arranged.

Plan Termination

Although it has not expressed an intent to do so, the Company has the right under the Plan to discontinue contributions at any time and to terminate the Plan subject to provisions of ERISA.

NOTE 2 - SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Accounting

The financial statements have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting.

Investment Valuation

Investments are reported at fair value except for the fully benefit-responsive investment contract, which is reported at contract value. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. See Note 3 for discussion of fair value measurements.

Purchases and sales of securities are recorded on a trade-date basis. Interest income is recorded on the accrual basis. Dividends are recorded on the ex-dividend date. Net appreciation in fair value of investments includes the Plan's gains and losses on investments bought and sold as well as held during the year.

Notes Receivable from Participants

Notes receivable from participants are measured at their unpaid principal balance plus any accrued but unpaid interest. Delinquent participant loans are reclassified as distributions based upon the terms of the Plan document. Related fees are recorded as administrative expenses and are expensed as incurred.

Payment of Benefits

Benefits are recorded when paid.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America ("GAAP") requires the Plan administrator to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and changes therein, and disclosure of certain assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Plan Expenses

Pursuant to the terms of the Plan, the Company pays all of the administrative expenses of the Plan except for administrative expenses incurred in conjunction with early withdrawals, participant requested services, and loan distributions (which are paid by participants). Investment related expenses are included in net appreciation in fair value of investments.

Subsequent Events

The Plan has evaluated subsequent events through June 18, 2026, the date the financial statements were issued.

NOTE 3 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The framework for measuring fair value provides a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described as follows:

Level 1 -

Inputs to the valuation methodology are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Plan has the ability to access.

Level 2 -

Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly such as,

•

quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

•

quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;

•

inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability;

•

inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

If the asset or liability has a specified (contractual) term, the level 2 input must be observable for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 -

Inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement.

The asset or liability's fair value measurement level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Valuation techniques used need to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.

NOTE 3 - FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS (CONTINUED)

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets measured at fair value. There have been no changes in the methodologies used at December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Douglas Dynamics, Inc. common stock is valued at fair value based on the closing price reported in an active market where such shares are traded.

Mutual funds are valued at the net asset value ("NAV") of shares held by the plan at year end.

Common collective trusts are valued at the NAV which is based on the market value of its underlying investments. These funds are collective investment trusts that contain synthetic investment contracts comprised of both underlying investment and contractual components which have observable Level 1 or Level 2 pricing inputs, including quoted prices for similar assets in active or non-active markets. NAV is used as an estimate of fair value, as the reporting entity has the ability to redeem its investment at NAV as of the measurement date as collective investment trusts can be redeemed on a daily basis. NAV is a readily determinable fair value and is the basis for current transactions.

The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Plan's assets at fair value as of December 31, 2025:

		Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Total
Douglas Dynamics, Inc. common stock		$	2,582,262			$	-			$	-			$	2,582,262
Mutual funds			41,376,580				-				-				41,376,580
Common collective trusts			-				123,887,309				-				123,887,309
Total assets at fair value		$	43,958,842			$	123,887,309			$	-			$	167,846,151

The following table sets forth by level, within the fair value hierarchy, the Plan's assets at fair value as of December 31, 2024:

		Level 1				Level 2				Level 3				Total
Douglas Dynamics, Inc. common stock		$	1,882,345			$	-			$	-			$	1,882,345
Mutual funds			36,989,105				-				-				36,989,105
Common collective trusts			-				111,407,826				-				111,407,826
Total assets at fair value		$	38,871,450			$	111,407,826			$	-			$	150,279,276

NOTE 4 - GUARANTEED INCOME FUND - INVESTMENT CONTRACT WITH INSURANCE COMPANY

The Plan contains an investment in the Principal Fixed Income Guaranteed Option ("Fund"), which is supported by a group annuity contract with Principal Life Insurance Company. While guarantees are supported by the general account of Principal Life Insurance Company, participants do not participate in the investment experience or performance of the general account. The rate credited to accounts is a composite weighted average of underlying guarantees provided in the contract. Each underlying guarantee is in effect for its full maturity, which may vary.

Contract value represents contributions and reinvested income, less any withdrawals plus accrued interest. Under this contract participants may ordinarily direct the withdrawal or transfer of all or a portion of their investment at contract value within reasonable timeframes. The contract is effected directly between the plan sponsor and the issuer. The repayment of principal and interest credited to participants is a financial obligation of the issuer. Given these provisions, the contract is considered to be benefit responsive.

The Fund is an insurance company issued, general account backed, group annuity with no maturity date. Upon a discontinuance of the contract, contract value would be paid no later than 12 months from the date the Plan Sponsor provides notice to discontinue. This contract's operation is different than many other evergreen group annuity products in the market by virtue of the fact that a fair value adjustment does not apply upon discontinuance. There are not any specific securities in the insurer's general account that back the liabilities of this annuity contract. The Plan owns a promise to pay interest at crediting rates which are announced in advance and guaranteed for a specific period of time as outlined in the group annuity contract. This product is not a traditional Guaranteed Income Contract and therefore there are not any known cash flows that could be discounted.

Generally, there are not any events that could limit the ability of the Plan to transact at contract value within 12 months of request or in rare circumstances, contract value paid over a longer time period. There are not any events that allow the issuer to terminate the contract and which require the Plan sponsor to settle at an amount different than contract value paid either within 12 months or over time.

NOTE 5 - PARTY-IN-INTEREST TRANSACTIONS

Certain Plan investments are managed by Principal Life Insurance Company. Principal Life Insurance Company is the custodian as defined by the Plan and, therefore, these transactions qualify as party-in-interest transactions. These party-in-interest transactions are exempt from the prohibited transaction rules at ERISA.

Certain Plan investments are shares of Douglas Dynamics, Inc. Common stock. The Plan held 79,089 and 79,659 shares of Douglas Dynamics, Inc. Common stock at December 31, 2025 and 2024 with a fair value of $2,582,262 and $1,882,345, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2025, purchases of shares by the Plan totaled $594,982 and sales of shares by the Plan totaled $608,878.

NOTE 5 - PARTY-IN-INTEREST TRANSACTIONS (CONTINUED)

Included in the Plan assets are notes receivable from participants. At December 31, 2025 and 2024 notes receivable from participants amounted to $3,613,849 and $3,168,765, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2025 interest income related to notes receivable from participants amounted to $319,643. The transactions qualify as party-in-interest transactions under provisions of ERISA.

NOTE 6 - TAX STATUS

The IRS has determined and informed the Company by a letter dated June 30, 2020 that the volume submitter plan used by the Plan and related trust are designed in accordance with applicable sections of the IRC. The Plan administrator believes that the Plan is designed and is currently being operated in compliance with the applicable requirements of the IRC. Therefore, no provision for income taxes is included in the accompanying financial statements.

GAAP requires Plan management to evaluate tax positions taken by the Plan and recognize a tax liability if the Plan has taken an uncertain tax position that more likely than not would not be sustained upon examination by the IRS. The Plan is subject to routine audits by taxing jurisdictions; however, there are currently no audits for any tax periods in progress.

NOTE 7 - RISK AND UNCERTAINTIES

The Plan invests in various investment securities. Investment securities, in general, are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate, credit, and overall market volatility. Due to the level of risk associated with certain investment securities, it is reasonably possible that changes in the values of investment securities will occur in the near term and that such changes could materially affect the amounts reported in the statements of net assets available for benefits.

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, L.L.C.

401(k) PLAN

SCHEDULE H, LINE 4(i) - SCHEDULE OF ASSETS (HELD AT END OF YEAR)

December 31, 2025

Name of Plan Sponsor:	DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, L.L.C.
Employer Identification Number:	42-1623692
Three Digit Plan Number:	006

(b)

(c)

Identity of Issuer,

Description of Investment

(e)

Borrower, Lessor,

including maturity date, rate of interest,

(d)

Current

(a)

or Similar Party

collateral, par, or maturity value

Cost (2)

Value

Common Stock

*

Douglas Dynamics, Inc. Common Stock

Company Common Stock

$

2,582,262

Mutual Funds

Wells Fargo

Allspring Short-Term High Income Institutional Fund

1,568,908

American Funds

American Funds New World R6 Fund

1,755,696

Dodge and Cox Funds

Dodge & Cox Income X Fund

2,862,325

Fidelity Investments

Fidelity Mid Cap Index Fund

2,290,587

Fidelity Investments

Fidelity Small Cap Index Fund

3,906,991

Fidelity Investments

Fidelity US Bond Index Fund

1,808,620

Fidelity Investments

Fidelity 500 Index Fund

13,939,045

Goldman Sachs

Goldman Sachs Small Cap Growth Insights Fund

1,785

Invesco

Invesco Value Opp

2,627,434

T. Rowe Price Funds

T. Rowe Price Capital Appreciation Fund

8,757,485

Vanguard Group

Vanguard Explorer Admiral Fund

1,857,704

Common Collective Trusts

Great Gray Trust Company

Blackrock Equity Index Fund

1,653,126

Great Gray Trust Company

International Growth II

2,274,429

Great Gray Trust Company

Large Cap Growth Fund

5,425,266

Great Gray Trust Company

Large Cap Value

7,035,489

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Aggressive Retirement Fund

71,630

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Aggressive 2035 Fund

1,077,798

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Aggressive 2045 Fund

437,611

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Aggressive 2055 Fund

634,778

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Aggressive 2065 Fund

1,151,820

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Conservative 2045

3,867

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Conservative 2055

102,151

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Conservative 2065

289,459

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Moderate Retirement Fund

22,761,009

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Moderate 2035 Retirement Fund

27,451,237

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Moderate 2045 Retirement Fund

22,405,746

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Moderate 2055 Retirement Fund

20,154,006

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Moderate 2065 Retirement Fund

6,469,549

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Conservative Retirement

2,774

Great Gray Trust Company

RetirePilot Conservative 2035

422,071

Great Gray Trust Company

Small Cap Value II

1,043,663

Hand Benefits & Trust Company

DG1 Growth R1 Fund

3,019,830

Investment Contract

*

Principal Life Insurance Company

Principal Fixed Income Guaranteed Option

6,074,529

*

Participant Loans

Notes receivable from participants (1)

$

-

3,613,849

$

177,534,529

*Party-in-interest as defined by ERISA.

(1)	Bearing interest rates ranging from 4.25 to 10.5 percent and maturing at various dates through August 2034.
(2)	Not applicable - participant directed investments except for notes receivable from participants.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the trustees (or other persons who administer the employee benefit plan) have duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned hereunto duly authorized.

	DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, L.L.C. 401(K) PLAN
Dated: June 18, 2026	By:	/s/ Sarah C. Lauber
		Sarah Lauber
		Executive Vice President & Chief Financial Officer of Douglas Dynamics, Inc.

EXHIBIT INDEX

DOUGLAS DYNAMICS, L.L.C. 401(K) PLAN

FORM 11-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025

Exhibit No.	Description
23.1	Consent of Wipfli LLP