Waste trafficking driving toxic pollution and harming public health, says United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

For information only - not an official document

UNIS/CP/1197
25 February 2026

VIENNA, 25 February (UN Information Service) - Illegal waste flows are causing economic, public health and environmental damage, especially in low-income countries, while a patchwork of regulations enables criminals to evade punishment, according to a new analysis from the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) released today.

In "Waste Crimes and Trafficking", a new installment of the Global Analysis on Crimes that Affect the Environment, UNODC examines the five main illegal waste trafficking categories: electrical/electronic waste (e-waste), plastic waste, end-of-life-vehicles and engines, metal and metal bearing wastes, and waste mixtures, as well as the modus operandi of the organized crime groups and corporations involved. It finds that legislative gaps, limited enforcement capacities, lack of traceability and low penalties are all facilitating a trade that some estimate to be worth billions of dollars.

"Our study demonstrates that waste trafficking continues to be incredibly difficult to detect, investigate and prosecute," says Candice Welsch, Director of Policy Analysis and Public Affairs at UNODC. "This is not an abstract challenge, but one with severe consequences for public health, as it drives toxic pollution of drinking water, the ocean, soil and more. Improved communication and data on suspected routes and vulnerabilities in the waste trade chain, together with harmonized offences and penalties, are essential to help us to better predict, prevent and stop illegal waste flows."

Organized crime groups have been found to be involved in waste crime cases around the world, ranging from local illegal activities to large-scale intercontinental trafficking. Corporate involvement in waste crime and trafficking is also common. Some companies do not comply with regulations, others knowingly acquire illegal services and still others have parallel illegal operations.

The analysis finds that both organized crime groups and corporations employ corruption to hide illegal waste within legal waste streams, bypassing regulatory checks through fraudulent and corrupt manoeuvres. These can include document fraud, extortion, theft, public embezzlement, abuse of office, money laundering and more.

Moreover, penalties for waste trafficking can be much lower than the potential profits that can be earned from a single illegal e-waste shipment, while the cost of illegal disposal or trade can be substantially lower than the price of legal disposal or management services - creating strong financial motives to commit waste offences.

The lack of consistent offences and penalties around the world make it easy for would-be traffickers to "jurisdiction shop" for those places with the weakest regulations and lightest penalties.

The study finds that, although the illegal dumping, burning, movement, shipping and disposal of waste happens worldwide, when waste is trafficked, the least valuable and/or most difficult and expensive waste to dispose of flows from high-income to low-income regions. These include plastics and e-waste, which can contain hazardous substances or harmful chemicals. Since waste is often trafficked to countries that struggle with environmentally-sound waste management, this has significant negative consequences for people's health and the environment.

Read the full analysis here.

This study was funded with support from the Governments of France and Germany.

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This study is part 3(a) of UNODC's first-ever Global Analysis on Crimes that Affect the Environment. UNODC will be releasing chapters on marine pollution crime; illegal fishing; and a full global analysis on crimes that affect the environment. Check back at unodc.org for more details.

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For further information, please contact:

Sonya Yee
Chief, UNODC Advocacy Section
Mobile: (+43-699) 1459-4990
Email: unodc-press[at]un.org