Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ending January 31, 2026 (Form 10-K)

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

We are a leading developer of low power system on a chip (SoC) semiconductors and software that enable advanced edge and physical AI applications. Our solutions combine state of the art video processing, high resolution image capture, and our proprietary CVflow® AI acceleration architecture to deliver high performance at extremely low power. Historically, our technologies supported human viewing applications such as enterprise, public infrastructure, and home security cameras, as well as sports cameras, wearables, aerial drones, and aftermarket automotive recorders. Building on this foundation, our recent product generations incorporate advanced AI inference capabilities that allow edge devices to interpret complex scenes, perform multi modal sensor fusion, and support autonomous decision making.

Our latest SoC families integrate third generation CVflow technology with advanced video processing, image signal processing, audio processing, and system control functions on a single chip. CVflow is optimized for a broad range of AI inference workloads, including object detection, classification, tracking, segmentation, stereo depth processing, radar perception, and transformer based models. This architecture supports multi modal sensor inputs, including camera, lidar, 4D radar, thermal, and near infrared, enabling environmental perception for edge devices. These capabilities allow our customers to deploy differentiated AI models and solutions across applications, such as next generation automotive camera systems, video security, robotics, and consumer devices, while achieving high image quality, low latency, and low power consumption.

Our development roadmap is focused on human viewing, AI inference, and radar based perception technologies that support the increasing automation and intelligence requirements of the Internet of Things (IoT), automotive, industrial, and robotics markets. As a result, we believe that our future revenue growth, if any, will significantly depend upon our ability to expand within camera markets with our AI technology, particularly in the Internet of Things, or IoT, markets, as well as emerging markets such as AI-enabled security cameras, AI-based driving applications, including driver monitoring systems, advanced blind spot detection, object detection, and deep learning algorithms for HD mapping solutions, automotive advanced driver assistance systems, or ADAS, applications, and industrial and robotics markets. We expect our research and development expenditures to increase in comparison to prior periods as we devote additional resources to the development of innovative video and image processing solutions with increased functionality, such as AI capabilities, and as we target new markets.

We sell our SoC solutions to leading original design manufacturers, or ODMs, and original equipment manufacturers, or OEMs, globally, and in the automotive market, we also sell to Tier-1 suppliers. We refer to ODMs and Tier-1 automotive suppliers as our customers and OEMs as our end customers, except as otherwise indicated or as the context otherwise requires.

Our sales cycles typically require a significant investment of time and a substantial expenditure of resources before we can realize revenue from the sale of our solutions, if any. Our typical sales cycle consists of a multi-month sales and development process involving our customers' system designers and management and our sales personnel and software engineers. If successful, this process culminates in a customer's decision to use our solutions in its system, which we refer to as a design win. Our sales efforts are typically directed to the OEM of the product that will incorporate our video and image processing solution, but the eventual design and incorporation of our SoC into the product may be handled by an ODM or Tier-1 supplier on behalf of the OEM.

Volume production may begin within 12 to 18 months after a design win, but could be longer in certain markets, depending on the complexity of our customer's product and other factors upon which we may have little or no influence. In general, design cycles will be longer in the OEM automotive and industrial and robotics markets than in the IoT markets. Once our solutions have been incorporated into a customer's design, they are likely to be used for the life cycle of the customer's product. Conversely, a design loss to a competitor will likely preclude any opportunity for future revenue from such customer's product. Even if we obtain a design win and our SoC remains a component through the life cycle of a customer's product, the volume and timing of actual sales of our SoCs to the customer depend upon the production, release and market acceptance of that product, none of which are within our control. An IoT product typically has a life cycle of 12 to 24 months. We anticipate that product life cycles will typically be longer than 24 months in the OEM automotive and industrial and robotics markets, as new product introductions occur less frequently in these markets.

Fiscal Year 2026 Financial Highlights

Factors Affecting Our Performance

Ability to Capitalize on AI and Computer Vision Trends.We expect that AI and computer vision functionality will become an increasingly important requirement in many of our current and future markets, including IoT, automotive, industrial and robotics markets. As a result, we believe that our ability to develop advanced AI and computer vision technologies, enable and support customer product development in emerging applications, such as ADAS, advanced blind spot detection, object detection, classification and tracking, people recognition, retail analytics, and machine learning, and gain customer acceptance of our technology platform and solutions will be critical to our future success. Moreover, achieving design wins, particularly for computer vision-centric applications in the IoT, automotive, industrial and robotics markets, is vital to our ability to generate revenue growth. As such, we closely monitor our design wins with our customers. However, a design win may not successfully materialize into revenue, and even if it does result in revenue, the amount generated by each design win can vary significantly.

Ability to Develop and Introduce New or Enhanced Solutions.We operate in a dynamic environment characterized by rapidly changing technologies and technological obsolescence. To compete successfully, we must design, develop, market and sell enhanced solutions with increased levels of performance and functionality that meet the expectations of our customers, including advanced process technologies. As such, we continuously invest in our research and development projects, especially AI and computer vision technologies. However, failure to anticipate or timely develop new or enhanced solutions in response to technology shifts and trends could result in decreased revenue and our competitors achieving design wins we sought. In addition, our ability to successfully develop new and enhanced solutions depends on our continuing ability to hire, train, motivate and retain highly skilled engineers, which is not ensured. Moreover, any reliability or quality problems with our solutions could harm our reputation, increase additional development and replacement costs, and prevent us from retaining existing customers and attracting new customers.

Pricing, Product Cost and Margin.Our pricing and margins depend on a variety of factors, including the volumes and features of the solutions we provide to our customers. Additionally, we make significant investments in new solutions for both cost improvements and new features that we expect to drive revenue and maintain margins. In general, solutions incorporated into more complex configurations, such as those used in high-performance camera applications or, in the future, advanced driver assistance systems, have higher prices and higher gross margins as compared to solutions sold into lower-performing, more competitive camera applications. Our average selling price can vary by market and application due to market-specific supply and demand, the maturation of products launched in previous years, the launch of new products by us or our competitors and by product mix.

We continually monitor the cost of our solutions. As we rely on third-party manufacturers for the manufacture of our products, we maintain a close relationship with these suppliers to continually monitor production yields, component costs and design efficiencies.

Continued Concentration of Revenue by End Markets.Historically, our revenue has been significantly concentrated in a small number of end markets and we developed technologies to provide solutions for new markets as they emerged. Since fiscal year 2018, the IoT markets and automotive markets have been our largest end markets and sales into these markets collectively generated the majority of our revenue. We believe, however, that continued expansion into new markets is required to facilitate revenue growth and customer diversification. We have recently introduced solutions to address emerging applications and markets, such as the incorporation of AI and computer vision functionalities for AI-enabled security cameras, AI-based driving applications and industrial and robotics markets. While we will continue to seek to expand our end market exposure, we anticipate that sales to a limited number of markets will continue to account for a significant percentage of our total revenue for the foreseeable future. Our concentration in a limited number of markets may cause our financial performance to fluctuate significantly from period to period based on the success or failure of products that our SoCs are designed into as well as the overall growth or decline in the video capture markets in which we compete. In addition, we derive a significant portion of our revenue from a limited number of ODMs who build products on behalf of a limited number of OEMs and from a limited number of OEMs to whom we ship directly. We believe that our operating results for the foreseeable future will continue to depend on sales to a relatively small number of customers.

Sales Volume.A typical design win that successfully launches into the marketplace can generate a wide range of sales volumes for our solutions, depending on the end market demand for our customers' products. Our ability to accurately forecast demand can be adversely affected by a number of factors, including the reputation of the end customer, market penetration, product capabilities, size of the end market that the product addresses, our end customers' ability to sell their products, miscalculations by our customers of their inventory requirements, changes in market conditions, adverse changes in our product order mix and fluctuating demand for our customers' products. In certain cases, we may provide volume discounts on sales of our solutions, which may be offset by lower manufacturing costs related to higher volumes. In general, our customers with greater market penetration and better branding tend to develop products that generate larger volumes over the product life cycle.

Customer Product Life Cycle.We estimate our customers' product life cycles based on the customer, type of product and end market. We typically commence commercial shipments from 12 to 18 months following a design win; however, in some markets, lengthier product and development cycles are possible, depending on the scope and nature of the project, such as in the automotive market. An IoT product typically has a product life cycle of 12 to 24 months. We anticipate that product development and product life cycles will typically be longer than 24 months in the OEM automotive, Tier-1 automotive suppliers and robotics markets, as new product introductions typically occur less frequently in these markets.

Impact of Global Supply Chain Conditions on Our Business.The semiconductor industry faced significant global supply chain challenges over the past few years. Supply chain issues can impact our business as they relate to both our suppliers and our customers. We have seen cycles of supply chain challenges in the past, which may recur in future periods as well, with constant changes in the macro-economic environment, including potential retaliatory tariffs and restrictions on exports to foreign locations due to the recent imposition of tariffs by the U.S. Government on imports.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our historical operating results for the periods indicated:

The following table sets forth our historical operating results as a percentage of revenue of each line item for the periods indicated:

Revenue

We derive substantially all of our revenue from the sale of low power AI-based processing and video and image processing SoC solutions to IoT OEMs, IoT ODMs, automotive OEMs or Tier-1 automotive suppliers, either directly or through our distributors. A substantial portion of our revenue from sales was made indirectly through one of our distributors, WT Microelectronics Co., Ltd., formerly Wintech Microelectronics Co., Ltd., or WT, which serves as our non-exclusive sales representative and fulfillment partner in Asia other than Japan, and to one ODM, Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd., or Chicony, which manufactures devices incorporating our solutions on behalf of multiple end-customers.

Our average selling prices fluctuate based on the mix of our solutions sold in a period which reflects the impact of both changes in unit sales of existing solutions as well as the introduction and sales of new solutions. Our AI-based solutions generally have higher selling prices than our traditional video and image processing SoC solutions that do not enable AI functionality. Our solutions are typically characterized by a life cycle that begins with higher average selling prices and lower volumes, followed by broader market adoption, higher volumes and average selling prices that are lower than initial levels.

The end markets into which we sell our products have seen significant changes as customer preferences have evolved in response to new technologies. As a result, the composition and timing of our revenue may change in future periods. We expect shifts in use of video capture to continue to change over time, as AI specialized use cases emerge and video capture continues to proliferate.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Margin

Cost of revenue includes the cost of materials, such as wafers processed by third-party foundries, costs associated with packaging, assembly, testing and manufacturing support operations, such as logistics, planning and quality assurance, as well as personnel costs (including stock-based compensation) related to project service agreements. Cost of revenue also includes indirect costs, such as inventory valuation reserves, adverse purchase commitment reserves, facility cost allocations, amortization of developed technology and software licenses, warranty and other general overhead costs.

We expect that our gross margin may fluctuate from period to period as a result of changes in customer mix, average selling price, product mix and the introduction of new products by us or our competitors. In general, solutions incorporated into more complex configurations, such as those used in high-performance cameras, and in future advanced automotive OEM applications, have had or are expected to have higher prices and higher gross margins, as compared to solutions sold into the lower-performance, more competitive camera applications. As semiconductor products mature and unit volumes sold to customers increase, their average selling prices typically decline. These declines may be paired with improvements in manufacturing yields and lower wafer, packaging and test costs, which offset some of the margin reduction that could result from lower selling prices.

Research and Development

Research and development expense primarily consists of personnel costs, including salaries, stock-based compensation and employee benefits. The expense also includes costs of development incurred in connection with our collaborations with our foundry vendors, costs of licensing intellectual property from third parties for product development, costs of development for software and hardware tools, costs of fabrication of mask sets for prototype products, the cost and depreciation of equipment, outside services as well as allocated depreciation and facility expenses. All research and development costs are expensed as incurred. We expect our research and development expense to generally increase in absolute dollars as we continue to enhance and expand our product features and offerings and increase headcount for new SoC development and development of AI technologies.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expense primarily consists of personnel costs, including salaries, stock-based compensation and employee benefits for our sales, marketing, finance, human resources, information technology and administrative personnel. The expense also includes amortization of trade name and customer relationships, professional service costs such as accounting, tax, or legal services, and allocated depreciation and facility expenses. We expect our selling, general and administrative expense to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to maintain the infrastructure and expand the size of our sales and marketing organization to support our business strategy of addressing new opportunities with our AI technology, including, but not limited to, costs expected to be incurred on the expansion of an indirect sales channel.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net, consists primarily of interest income and yields from our cash deposits and debt security investments, realized gains and losses from equity and debt security investments, subsidies and grants issued by governments, as well as gains and losses from foreign currency transaction remeasurements.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

We are incorporated and domiciled in the Cayman Islands and also conduct business in several locations such as the United States, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Italy, South Korea, Germany, and Japan, and we are subject to taxation in those jurisdictions. Our worldwide operating income is subject to varying tax rates, and our effective tax rate is highly dependent upon the geographic distribution of our earnings or losses and the tax laws and regulations in each geographical region. It is also subject to fluctuation from changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities; tax benefits from excess stock-based compensation deductions; transfer pricing adjustments and the tax effects of nondeductible compensation. We have historically had lower effective tax rates as a substantial percentage of our operations are conducted in lower-tax jurisdictions. If our operational structure were to change in such a manner that would increase the amount of operating income subject to taxation in higher-tax jurisdictions, or if we were to commence operations in jurisdictions assessing relatively higher tax rates, our effective tax rate could fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis and/or be adversely affected.

Significant judgment is required in evaluating our uncertain tax positions and determining our provision for income taxes. Although we believe our reserves are reasonable, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be different from that which is reflected in our historical provision for income taxes and accruals. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will impact the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the impact of uncertain tax position reserves and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate, as well as the related net interest and penalties.

Significant judgment is also required in determining any valuation allowance recorded against deferred tax assets. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence, including past operating results, estimates of future taxable income, and the feasibility of tax planning strategies. In the event that we change our determination as to the amount of deferred tax assets that can be realized, we will adjust our valuation allowance with a corresponding impact to the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

Comparison of the Fiscal Years Ended January 31, 2026, 2025 and 2024

Revenue

Revenue increased in fiscal year 2026, as compared to fiscal year 2025, primarily due to higher product unit shipments and an increased percentage of sales from higher average selling price AI inference processors as a result of high demand for our edge AI solutions, partially offset by lower NRE project service revenue.

Revenue increased in fiscal year 2025, as compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily as a result of higher product unit shipments driven by customers' new product ramps, an increased percentage of our sales from higher value AI inference processors which contributed to a higher average selling price, as well as higher NRE project service revenue.

Gross Margin

Gross margin decreased in fiscal year 2026, as compared to fiscal year 2025, primarily due to higher manufacturing costs associated with advanced process technologies, as well as lower sales of previously reserved inventory, partially offset by a higher percentage of sales from higher average selling price AI inference processors.

Gross margin increased marginally in fiscal year 2025, as compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to a higher percentage of sales from higher average selling price AI inference processors, as well as increased higher margin NRE project service revenue, partially offset by higher manufacturing costs associated with advanced process technologies.

Research and Development

Research and development expense increased in fiscal year 2026, as compared to fiscal year 2025, primarily due to approximately $4.8 million of additional engineering-related costs, including chip development cost and tools and equipment expense, associated with the progress and number of chips in development. The increase was also attributable to approximately $4.4 million of higher personnel costs, including employee benefits, and approximately $3.2 million of additional facility-related costs allocated associated with relocation of our headquarters in fiscal year 2026.

Research and development expense increased in fiscal year 2025, as compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to approximately $4.2 million of additional engineering-related expenses associated with supporting our AI inference processor and radar solutions, and $3.4 million of additional SoC development cost from our foundries associated with our chip development progress. The increase was also attributable to approximately $3.4 million of additional personnel costs, including stock-based compensation expense, as a result of an increase in headcount.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expense increased in fiscal year 2026, as compared to fiscal year 2025, primarily due to approximately $1.7 million of higher personnel costs, including employee benefits, and approximately $0.7 million of higher marketing and travel expenses.

Selling, general and administrative expense decreased in fiscal year 2025, as compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to approximately $3.0 million of lower net personnel costs associated with departures of certain employees and $0.9 million of lower facility-related expenses. The decrease was partially offset by approximately $0.3 million of additional professional service costs.

Other Income, Net

The marginal decrease in other income, net, in fiscal year 2026, as compared to fiscal year 2025, was primarily due to a $0.6 million government grant released in fiscal year 2025 that did not recur in fiscal year 2026, offset by approximately $0.6 million of higher interest income and yields from our cash deposits and debt security investments.

The increase in other income, net, in fiscal year 2025, as compared to fiscal year 2024, was primarily due to an approximately $1.2 million impairment charge relating to an equity investment recognized in fiscal year 2024 that did not recur in fiscal year 2025, approximately $0.9 million of higher interest income and yields from our cash deposits and debt security investments, as well as $0.8 million of net gains from a government grant and foreign currency transactions and remeasurements.

Provision (Benefit) for Income Taxes

Income tax expense increased in fiscal 2026, as compared to fiscal year 2025, primarily due to reduced pre-tax loss and a reduction in benefit from income tax reserve release, partially offset by a decrease in non-deductible stock-based compensation.

Income tax expense decreased in fiscal year 2025, as compared to fiscal year 2024, primarily due to a one-time charge of $22.7 million of valuation allowance in fiscal year 2024 that did not recur in fiscal year 2025, a benefit from income tax reserve release upon the lapse of the statute of limitations of $2.8 million and an increase in the proportion of profits generated in lower tax jurisdictions, partially offset by an increase in non-deductible stock-based compensation.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities

Fiscal year 2026 compared to fiscal year 2025: Cash provided by operating activities increased primarily due to improved operating results and higher cash inflows from changes in working capital.

Fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024: Cash provided by operating activities increased primarily due to improved operating results, partially offset by higher cash outflows as a result of changes in working capital.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Investing Activities

Fiscal year 2026 compared to fiscal year 2025: Net cash used in investing activities decreased primarily due to approximately $15.2 million of additional net cash received from our debt security investments, partially offset by approximately $5.1 million higher payments for our purchase of capital assets and software licenses.

Fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024: Net cash used in investing activities increased primarily due to approximately $36.5 million of additional cash payments for our debt security purchases and $13.5 million of less cash proceeds from maturities and sales of our debt security investments, partially offset by $1.6 million less in payment for the purchase of property and equipment.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Fiscal year 2026 compared to fiscal year 2025: Net cash provided by financing activities decreased primarily due to approximately $2.6 million less cash received from stock activities and our repurchase of approximately $1.0 million of our ordinary shares, partially offset by approximately $1.0 million of higher principal payments associated with long-term software license agreements.

Fiscal year 2025 compared to fiscal year 2024: Net cash provided by financing activities increased primarily due to approximately $3.0 million higher cash receipts from stock activities, partially offset by approximately $1.1 million higher principal payments associated with long-term software license agreements.

Stock Repurchase Program

There were no shares repurchased in fiscal years 2025 and 2024. In the first quarter of fiscal year 2026, we repurchased a total of 24,152 of our ordinary shares for approximately $1.0 million in cash. The repurchased shares were recorded as authorized but unissued shares. On May 28, 2025, our Board of Directors approved an extension of the existing share repurchase program for an additional twelve months through June 30, 2026. Refer to Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuerwithin Item 5 Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securitiesfor additional information.

Sources of Liquidity

As of January 31, 2026, we had cash, cash equivalents and marketable debt securities on hand of approximately $312.6 million, compared with approximately $250.3 million as of January 31, 2025.

Operating and Capital Expenditure Requirements

We believe that our existing cash balances will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements through at least the next 12 months. In the future, we may require more working capital to meet our operating and capital expenditure needs. If our available cash balances are insufficient to satisfy our future liquidity requirements, we may seek to sell equity or convertible debt securities or borrow funds commercially.

Our short-term and long-term capital requirements will depend on many factors, including the following:

Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies

The following table summarizes our outstanding contractual obligations as of January 31, 2026:

We also have lease obligations primarily for our worldwide office facilities. As of January 31, 2026, these undiscounted lease payments were a total of $18.2 million, with $3.0 million due in the next 12 months. Refer to Note 8 Leasesof Notes to Consolidated Financial Statementsfor further information.

Stock Options and Restricted Stock Units

Grants of stock-based awards are key components of the compensation packages we provide to attract and retain employees and to align their interests with the interests of shareholders. We recognize that these stock-based awards will dilute existing shareholders and have sought to limit the number of shares granted while providing competitive compensation packages. As of January 31, 2026, we had a total of 2.8 million ordinary shares subject to outstanding stock options and unvested restricted stock units, which will dilute our existing shareholders. This potential dilution will only result if outstanding options vest and are exercised and restricted stock units vest and are settled.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1, "Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies-Recent Accounting Pronouncements" of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this report, for a full description of recent accounting standards, including the respective dates of adoption and effects on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Management Estimates

The preparation of audited consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, requires us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reported periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, including those related to (i) write downs of excess and obsolete inventories; (ii) the estimated useful lives of long-lived assets; (iii) the valuation of stock-based compensation awards; (iv) the realization of tax assets and estimates of tax liabilities, including reserves for uncertain tax positions and recognition or release of valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. These estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience and on various other factors which we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We may engage third-party valuation specialists to assist with estimates related to the valuation of assets and stock awards associated with various contractual arrangements. Such estimates often require the selection of appropriate valuation methodologies and significant judgment. Actual results could differ from these estimates under different assumptions or circumstances and such differences could be material.

We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management's judgment and estimates:

Revenue Recognition

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, we recognize revenue when control of goods and services is transferred to our customers. Revenue recognition is evaluated through the following five steps: (i) identification of the contract, or contracts, with a customer; (ii) identification of the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determination of the transaction price; (iv) allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognition of revenue when or as a performance obligation is satisfied.

The sale of semiconductor products accounts for the substantial majority of our consolidated revenue. Sales agreements with customers are renewable periodically and contain terms and conditions with respect to payment, delivery, warranty, supply and other rights. We consider an accepted customer purchase order, governed by sales agreement, to be the contract with the customer. For each contract, we consider the promise to transfer tangible products to be the identified performance obligation. Product sales contracts may include volume-based tiered pricing or rebates that are fulfilled in cash or product. In determining the transaction price, we account for the right of returns, cash rebates, commissions and other pricing adjustments as variable consideration, estimate these amounts based on the expected amount to be provided to customers and reduce the revenue recognized. We estimate sales returns and rebates based on our historical patterns of return and pricing credits. As our standard payment terms are 30 days to 60 days, the contracts have no financing component. For a limited number of contracts that include volume-based tiered pricing, we estimate the total consideration to be received by using the expected value method for each contract, compute weighted average selling price for each unit shipped in cases where there is a material right due to the presence of volume-based tiered pricing, allocate the total consideration between the identified performance obligations, and recognize revenue when control of goods and services is transferred to our customers. We consider product control to be transferred at a point in time upon shipment or delivery because we have a present right to payment at that time, the customer has legal title to the asset, we have transferred physical possession of the asset, and the customer has significant risk and rewards of ownership of the asset.

We also enter into various project service agreements with certain customers, including development funding agreements subject to certain refund conditions. In determining whether a development funding agreement constitutes a contract with a customer, we assess whether the substantive and genuine financial risk has been transferred to the funding party and whether the services provided to the funding party are an output of our ordinary activities in exchange for consideration. These agreements may include multiple performance obligations, such as software development services, licensing of intellectual property and post-contract customer support, or PCS. These multiple performance obligations are highly interdependent, highly interrelated, are typically not sold separately and do not have standalone selling prices. They are all inputs to generate one combined output which is incorporating our SoC into the customer's product. Accordingly, we determine that they are not separately identifiable and shall be treated as a single performance obligation. For project service contracts containing variable consideration, we estimate variable consideration using the most likely amount method which we believe better predicts the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled. Variable consideration is included in the transaction price only to the extent that it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur, in accordance with the variable consideration constraint. We recognize revenue on project service contracts either over time as services are provided using an input method based on contract costs incurred to date compared to total estimated contract cost, or at a point in time upon completion and acceptance by the customer, depending on the terms of the arrangement. For project service contracts that are billed at a fixed rate for each hour of service provided, we recognize revenue in the amount for which we have the right to invoice as we believe the amount invoiced directly corresponds with the value to the customer of our performance completed to date.

Timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of invoicing to our customers. We record contract assets when revenue is recognized prior to invoicing. Our contract assets are primarily related to the satisfied but unbilled performance obligations associated with project service agreements at the reporting date. As of January 31, 2026 and 2025, the contract assets for these unbilled receivables were not material, respectively. Our contract liabilities consist of deferred revenue. The deferred revenue is primarily related to the nonrecurring engineering charges that are either invoiced or paid but performance obligations are not satisfied, as well as the portion of a transaction price that exceeds the weighted average selling price for products sold to date under tiered-pricing contracts that contain material rights. The deferred revenue is expected to be recognized over the period when performance obligations are satisfied associated with project service agreements, or over the course of the contract when products are delivered for future pricing below the weighted average selling price of the contract. We elect not to disclose the value of unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with original expected contract duration of one year or less, and elect to exclude amounts collected from customers for all sales taxes from the transaction price.

Inventory Valuation

We record inventories at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost includes materials and other production costs and is computed using standard cost on a first-in, first-out basis. Inventory reserves are recorded for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventories based on forecast of future demand and market conditions. Any adjustments to reduce the cost of inventories to their net realizable value are recognized in earnings in the current period. Once inventory is written down, a new accounting cost basis is established and, accordingly, any associated reserve is not released until the inventory is sold or scrapped.

Goodwill

We do not amortize goodwill. We test goodwill for impairment at least annually in the fourth fiscal quarter, or sooner whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. There is only one single reporting unit for goodwill impairment test purposes based on our business and reporting structure. We are permitted to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the two step goodwill impairment test is necessary. Further testing is only required if we determine, based on the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount. Otherwise, no further impairment testing is required. Qualitative factors include industry and market considerations, overall financial performance, and other relevant events and factors affecting the reporting unit. No goodwill impairment has been identified to date based on our qualitative factors assessment.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure stock-based compensation for equity awards based on the estimated fair value on the grant date, and recognize that compensation as expense using the straight-line attribution method over the requisite service period, which is typically the vesting period of each award. We determine the fair value of restricted stock units with service conditions based on the fair market value of our ordinary shares on the grant date. We use the Lattice pricing model and perform Monte Carlo Simulation to evaluate the fair value of restricted stock units with market conditions. We also use the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the fair value of shares to be issued under our employee stock purchase plan, or ESPP, at the commencement of an offering period. We elect to account for forfeitures as they occur.

Income Taxes

We record income taxes using the asset and liability method, which requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. In estimating future tax consequences, generally all expected future events other than enactments or changes in the tax law or rates are considered. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

We apply authoritative guidance for the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes. The guidance requires that tax effects of a position be recognized only if it is "more likely than not" to be sustained based solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. Upon estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, we consider and evaluate numerous factors, which may require periodic adjustments and which may not reflect the final tax liabilities. We adjust our financial statements to reflect only those tax positions that are more likely than not to be sustained under examination.

As part of the process of preparing consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. We estimate actual current tax exposure together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items, such as accruals and allowances not currently deductible for tax purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets, which are included in the consolidated balance sheets. In general, deferred tax assets represent future tax benefits to be received when certain expenses previously recognized in the consolidated statements of operations become deductible expenses under applicable income tax laws, or loss or credit carryforwards are utilized.

In assessing whether deferred tax assets may be realized, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of deferred tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income.

We make estimates and judgments about our future taxable income based on assumptions that are consistent with our plans and estimates. Should the actual amounts differ from estimates, the amount of valuation allowance could be materially impacted. Any adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance would be recorded in the consolidated statements of operations for the periods in which the adjustment is determined to be required.