1Obligations represent the amount for orders placed, contracts awarded, services received, and similar transactions during a given period, regardless of when the funds were appropriated or when future payment of money is required.

2Gross domestic product implicit price deflators were used to convert current dollars to constant 2017 dollars. Data on federal fiscal year historical figures, 1951-2023, can be found in: Office of Management and Budget (OMB). 2024. Budget of the U.S. Government, Fiscal Year 2025. Historical Tables. Table 10.1. Gross Domestic Product and Deflators Used in the Historical Tables: 1940-2029. Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/BUDGET-2025-TAB/BUDGET-2025-TAB-11-1/context. Current dollar obligations for R&D are from the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development.

3Effective with the FY 2021 survey cycle, the Survey of Federal Science and Engineering Support to Universities, Colleges, and Nonprofit Institutions has been collected as a module within the Federal Funds for R&D Survey.

4All other agencies includes the Agency for International Development, Appalachian Regional Commission, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Commerce, Department of the Interior, Department of Justice, Department of Labor, Department of Transportation, Department of Education, Environmental Protection Agency, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the Social Security Administration.

5Department of Defense Releases the President's Fiscal Year 2024 Defense Budget, 13 March 2023. Available at https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3326875/department-of-defense-releases-the-presidents-fiscal-year-2024-defense-budget/.

6Congressional Budget Office (CBO). 2023. Long-Term Implications of the 2024 Future Years Defense Program. p. 19. October 2023. Available at https://www.cbo.gov/system/files/2023-10/59511-FYDP.pdf.

7For specific RDT&E obligations by DOD for FY 2023, by type performer, see the Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development's full set of data tables : table 10.

8Details available in the full set of data tables: table 17.

9For data on specific university affiliated research centers, see the Survey of Federal Funds for Research and Development's full set of data tables: tables 44-46.

10Details available in the full set of data tables< /a>: table 17.

11Details available in the full set of data tables : table 34.

12Survey technical notes are available at https://ncses.nsf.gov/surveys/federal-support-survey/2023#technical-notes.