Using robotics to introduce AI and machine learning concepts into the elementary classroom

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George Mason University researcher Erdogan Kaya is part of an interdisciplinary research team that is planning to introduce elementary students to the foundational concepts of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning using educational robotics.

George Mason professor Erdogan Kaya with some of the educational robots his team will be using with elementary school students. Photo provided

Kaya, an assistant professor in George Mason's School of Education, and his collaborators-Hasan Deniz of University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Ezgi Yesilyurt of Weber State University; and Refika Turgut of University of South Carolina-have been awarded a $1 million grant from the National Science Foundation (NSF) "Computer Science for All" program for their project, "Cultivating Artificial Intelligence Literacy through Linguistically Inclusive Integrated Elementary Curriculum via Educational Robotics."

"Over the years, I have seen firsthand how robotics can captivate and inspire students, making complex STEM concepts accessible and more engaging," said Kaya. "Students gain insight into how AI systems work and develop a deeper understanding of the power of AI, which promotes foundational AI literacy."

Approximately 600 elementary students in grades 4 and 5 from schools serving underrepresented populations in Clark County, Nevada, will participate in this study. The goal of this project is to provide the students with hands-on learning opportunities that will allow them to develop an understanding of AI and its application in science and technology.

The study will also offer professional development to 25 in-service educators to equip them with the foundational knowledge of AI and machine learning needed to teach an AI-integrated STEM curriculum.

Kaya emphasized that it is essential for young learners to acquire a level of AI literacy that includes an understanding of how AI algorithms work, how AI applications are developed, and how they can be used responsibly and creatively. He hopes that by being exposed to AI and machine learning at an early age, students will develop skills that may lead them to pursue careers in STEM.

"This project is about opening doors to AI literacy for young students, especially those from multilingual backgrounds who may not see themselves represented in tech fields," said Kaya, who grew up in Turkiye and began learning English in middle school.

After working with multilingual learners in Title I schools in Arizona, Kaya discovered that his perspective as someone who has navigated education in multiple languages gave him insight into serving this population of students effectively.

"By integrating AI and robotics early on, we are providing a foundation in STEM that not only builds skills but instills a belief in students that they can be part of AI-intensive fields," he said.

Educational tools, including Birdbrain Technologies' Hummingbird Robotics®, Teachable Machine, and Snap!, a visual block-based programming environment, will be used in this study. Students will be tasked with designing automated solutions to real-world challenges that exist in their home communities, such as how to make smart homes more energy-efficient or how to develop farming robots capable of harvesting strawberries. Kaya said that projects like these will allow the students to apply AI concepts in ways that they will find more culturally relevant and meaningful.

The study will also promote the responsible and ethical use of AI by asking students to engage in critical thinking regarding the broader societal impact of AI and how bias can affect AI algorithm outputs.

Teachers using the AI-integrated curricular resources developed under this project will be able to incorporate them into their existing curricula.

"Our curriculum is designed to be flexible and integrative. By combining AI, engineering, language arts, and science into integrated lessons, teachers can address multiple subjects within a single lesson, making the most of limited classroom time," said Kaya.

The importance of teaching the principles of AI and machine learning at an early age continues to gain traction in K-12 computer science education. Kaya notes that organizations such as the International Society for Technology in Educationand Computer Science Teachers Association (CSTA)are responding with programs such as Teach AI. In addition, CSTA is updating its standards, scheduled for release in 2026, to incorporate machine learning and AI.

At the state level, Virginia's recent updates to the Computer Science Standards of Learning (SOLs)include requirements for machine learning, further underscoring the need to prepare students in this field.

It is these changes in the field of computer science education that influenced Kaya's decision to pursue a second master's degree-this one in machine learning-at George Mason. "Even though I have a CS background, I recognized that machine learning and AI are becoming crucial parts of CS education," he said. "To better serve the needs of future teachers and K-12 students, I decided to further my own education in this rapidly evolving field."

With this project, Kaya said the goal is to equip teachers to bring AI and robotics into their classrooms with confidence, even if they do not have a technical background. "By providing practical training and readily available materials, we hope to create a ripple effect where teachers inspire their students and make AI education a reality in their classrooms," Kaya said.