Results
JPMorgan Chase & Co.
10/27/2025 | Press release | Distributed by Public on 10/27/2025 12:50
Primary Offering Prospectus (Form 424B2)
October 23, 2025
Registration Statement Nos. 333-270004 and 333-270004-01; Rule 424(b)(2)
Pricing supplement to product supplement no. 4-I dated April 13, 2023, underlying supplement no. 1-I dated April 13, 2023, the prospectus and
prospectus supplement, each dated April 13, 2023, and the prospectus addendum dated June 3, 2024
JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC
Structured Investments
$4,395,000
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least
Performing of the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index
and the SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF due September 28,
2027
Fully and Unconditionally Guaranteed by JPMorgan Chase & Co.
● The notes are designed for investors who seek a Contingent Interest Payment with respect to each Review Date for which
the closing value of each of the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF,
which we refer to as the Underlyings, is greater than or equal to 70.00% of its Initial Value, which we refer to as an Interest
Barrier.
● The notes will be automatically called if the closing value of each Underlying on any Review Date (other than the first,
second, third, fourth, fifth and final Review Dates) is greater than or equal to its Initial Value.
● The earliest date on which an automatic call may be initiated is April 23, 2026.
● Investors should be willing to accept the risk of losing a significant portion or all of their principal and the risk that no
Contingent Interest Payment may be made with respect to some or all Review Dates.
● Investors should also be willing to forgo fixed interest and dividend payments, in exchange for the opportunity to receive
Contingent Interest Payments.
● The notes are unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC, which we refer to as
JPMorgan Financial, the payment on which is fully and unconditionally guaranteed by JPMorgan Chase & Co. Any
payment on the notes is subject to the credit risk of JPMorgan Financial, as issuer of the notes, and the credit risk
of JPMorgan Chase & Co., as guarantor of the notes.
● Payments on the notes are not linked to a basket composed of the Underlyings. Payments on the notes are linked to the
performance of each of the Underlyings individually, as described below.
● Minimum denominations of $1,000 and integral multiples thereof
● The notes priced on October 23, 2025 and are expected to settle on or about October 28, 2025.
● CUSIP: 48136JLS1
Investing in the notes involves a number of risks. See "Risk Factors" beginning on page S-2 of the accompanying
prospectus supplement, Annex A to the accompanying prospectus addendum, "Risk Factors" beginning on page PS-11 of
the accompanying product supplement and "Selected Risk Considerations" beginning on page PS-66 of this pricing
supplement.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of
the notes or passed upon the accuracy or the adequacy of this pricing supplement or the accompanying product supplement,
underlying supplement, prospectus supplement, prospectus and prospectus addendum. Any representation to the contrary is a
criminal offense.
Price to Public (1)
Fees and Commissions (2)
Proceeds to Issuer
Per note
$1,000
$7.25
$992.75
Total
$4,395,000
$31,863.75
$4,363,136.25
(1) See "Supplemental Use of Proceeds" in this pricing supplement for information about the components of the price to public of the
notes.
(2) J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, which we refer to as JPMS, acting as agent for JPMorgan Financial, will pay all of the selling commissions
of $7.25 per $1,000 principal amount note it receives from us to other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers. See "Plan of Distribution (Conflicts of
Interest)" in the accompanying product supplement.
The estimated value of the notes, when the terms of the notes were set, was $985.70 per $1,000 principal amount note. See
"The Estimated Value of the Notes" in this pricing supplement for additional information.
The notes are not bank deposits, are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency
and are not obligations of, or guaranteed by, a bank.
PS-1| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Key Terms
Issuer: JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC, a direct,
wholly owned finance subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Guarantor: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Underlyings: The Nasdaq-100 Index® (Bloomberg ticker:
NDX) and the Russell 2000® Index (Bloomberg ticker: RTY)
(each an "Index" and collectively, the "Indices") and the
SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF (Bloomberg ticker: KRE)
(the "Fund") (each of the Indices and the Fund, an
"Underlying" and collectively, the "Underlyings")
Contingent Interest Payments:
If the notes have not been automatically called and the
closing value of each Underlying on any Review Date is
greater than or equal to its Interest Barrier, you will receive on
the applicable Interest Payment Date for each $1,000
principal amount note a Contingent Interest Payment equal to
$10.4167 (equivalent to a Contingent Interest Rate of 12.50%
per annum, payable at a rate of 1.04167% per month).
If the closing value of any Underlying on any Review Date is
less than its Interest Barrier, no Contingent Interest Payment
will be made with respect to that Review Date.
Contingent Interest Rate: 12.50% per annum, payable at a
rate of 1.04167% per month
Interest Barrier: With respect to each Underlying, 70.00% of
its Initial Value, which is 17,568.194 for the Nasdaq-100
Index®, 1,737.8599 for the Russell 2000® Index and $42.126
for the SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF
Trigger Value: With respect to each Underlying, 60.00% of its
Initial Value, which is 15,058.452 for the Nasdaq-100 Index®,
1,489.5942 for the Russell 2000® Index and $36.108 for the
SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF
Pricing Date: October 23, 2025
Original Issue Date (Settlement Date): On or about October
28, 2025
Review Dates*: November 24, 2025, December 23, 2025,
January 23, 2026, February 23, 2026, March 23, 2026, April
23, 2026, May 26, 2026, June 23, 2026, July 23, 2026,
August 24, 2026, September 23, 2026, October 23, 2026,
November 23, 2026, December 23, 2026, January 25, 2027,
February 23, 2027, March 23, 2027, April 23, 2027, May 24,
2027, June 23, 2027, July 23, 2027, August 23, 2027 and
September 23, 2027 (final Review Date)
Interest Payment Dates*: November 28, 2025, December
29, 2025, January 28, 2026, February 26, 2026, March 26,
2026, April 28, 2026, May 29, 2026, June 26, 2026, July 28,
2026, August 27, 2026, September 28, 2026, October 28,
2026, November 27, 2026, December 29, 2026, January 28,
2027, February 26, 2027, March 29, 2027, April 28, 2027,
May 27, 2027, June 28, 2027, July 28, 2027, August 26, 2027
and the Maturity Date
Maturity Date*: September 28, 2027
Call Settlement Date*: If the notes are automatically called
on any Review Date (other than the first, second, third, fourth,
fifth and final Review Dates), the first Interest Payment Date
immediately following that Review Date
* Subject to postponement in the event of a market disruption event
and as described under "General Terms of Notes - Postponement of
a Determination Date - Notes Linked to Multiple Underlyings" and
"General Terms of Notes - Postponement of a Payment Date" in the
accompanying product supplement
Automatic Call:
If the closing value of each Underlying on any Review Date
(other than the first, second, third, fourth, fifth and final Review
Dates) is greater than or equal to its Initial Value, the notes
will be automatically called for a cash payment, for each
$1,000 principal amount note, equal to (a) $1,000 plus (b) the
Contingent Interest Payment applicable to that Review Date,
payable on the applicable Call Settlement Date. No further
payments will be made on the notes.
Payment at Maturity:
If the notes have not been automatically called and the Final
Value of each Underlying is greater than or equal to its Trigger
Value, you will receive a cash payment at maturity, for each
$1,000 principal amount note, equal to (a) $1,000 plus (b) the
Contingent Interest Payment, if any, applicable to the final
Review Date.
If the notes have not been automatically called and the Final
Value of any Underlying is less than its Trigger Value, your
payment at maturity per $1,000 principal amount note will be
calculated as follows:
$1,000 + ($1,000 × Least Performing Underlying Return)
If the notes have not been automatically called and the Final
Value of any Underlying is less than its Trigger Value, you will
lose more than 40.00% of your principal amount at maturity
and could lose all of your principal amount at maturity.
Least Performing Underlying: The Underlying with the Least
Performing Underlying Return
Least Performing Underlying Return: The lowest of the
Underlying Returns of the Underlyings
Underlying Return: With respect to each Underlying,
(Final Value - Initial Value)
Initial Value
Initial Value: With respect to each Underlying, the closing
value of that Underlying on the Pricing Date, which was
25,097.42 for the Nasdaq-100 Index®, 2,482.657 for the
Russell 2000® Index and $60.18 for the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Final Value: With respect to each Underlying, the closing
value of that Underlying on the final Review Date
Share Adjustment Factor: The Share Adjustment Factor is
referenced in determining the closing value of the Fund and is
set equal to 1.0 on the Pricing Date. The Share Adjustment
Factor is subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain
events affecting the Fund. See "The Underlyings - Funds -
Anti-Dilution Adjustments" in the accompanying product
supplement for further information.
PS-2| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Supplemental Terms of the Notes
Any value of any underlier, and any values derived therefrom, included in this pricing supplement may be corrected, in the event of
manifest error or inconsistency, by amendment of this pricing supplement and the corresponding terms of the notes. Notwithstanding
anything to the contrary in the indenture governing the notes, that amendment will become effective without consent of the holders of
the notes or any other party.
How the Notes Work
Payments in Connection with the First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Review Dates
First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Review Dates
Compare the closing value of each Underlying to its Interest Barrier on each Review Date.
The closing value of each Underlying is greater than
or equal to its Interest Barrier.
You will receive a Contingent Interest Payment on the
applicable Interest Payment Date.
Proceed to the next Review Date.
The closing value of any Underlying is less than its
Interest Barrier.
No Contingent Interest Payment will be made with respect to
the applicable Review Date.
Proceed to the next Review Date.
Payments in Connection with Review Dates (Other than the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Final Review Dates)
Review Dates (Other than the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Final Review Dates)
Initial
Value
Compare the closing value of each Underlying to its Initial Value and its Interest Barrier on each Review Date until
the final Review Date or any earlier automatic call.
The closing value
of each Underlying
is greater than or
equal to its Initial
Value.
Automatic Call
The notes will be automatically called on the applicable Call Settlement Date, and you
will receive (a) $1,000 plus (b) the Contingent Interest Payment applicable to that
Review Date.
No further payments will be made on the notes.
The closing value
of any Underlying
is less than its
Initial Value.
No
Automatic
Call
The closing value of
each Underlying is
greater than or equal
to its Interest Barrier.
You will receive a Contingent Interest
Payment on the applicable Interest
Payment Date.
Proceed to the next Review Date.
The closing value of
any Underlying is less
than its Interest
Barrier.
No Contingent Interest Payment will be
made with respect to the applicable
Review Date.
Proceed to the next Review Date.
PS-3| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Payment at Maturity If the Notes Have Not Been Automatically Called
Review Dates
Preceding the Final
Review Date
Final Review Date
Payment at Maturity
The notes are not
automatically called.
The Final Value of each Underlying is greater
than or equal to its Trigger Value.
You will receive (a) $1,000 plus (b) the
Contingent Interest Payment, if any,
applicable to the final Review Date.
Proceed to maturity
The Final Value of any Underlying is less
than its Trigger Value.
You will receive:
$1,000 + ($1,000 × Least Performing
Underlying Return)
Under these circumstances, you will
lose some or all of your principal
amount at maturity.
Total Contingent Interest Payments
The table below illustrates the hypothetical total Contingent Interest Payments per $1,000 principal amount note over the term of the
notes based on the Contingent Interest Rate of 12.50% per annum, depending on how many Contingent Interest Payments are made
prior to automatic call or maturity.
Number of Contingent
Interest Payments
Total Contingent Interest
Payments
23
$239.5833
22
$229.1667
21
$218.7500
20
$208.3333
19
$197.9167
18
$187.5000
17
$177.0833
16
$166.6667
15
$156.2500
14
$145.8333
13
$135.4167
12
$125.0000
11
$114.5833
10
$104.1667
9
$93.7500
8
$83.3333
7
$72.9167
6
$62.5000
5
$52.0833
4
$41.6667
3
$31.2500
2
$20.8333
1
$10.4167
0
$0.0000
PS-4| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Hypothetical Payout Examples
The following examples illustrate payments on the notes linked to three hypothetical Underlyings, assuming a range of performances
for the hypothetical Least Performing Underlying on the Review Dates. Solely for purposes of this section, the Least Performing
Underlying with respect to each Review Date is the least performing of the Underlyings determined based on the closing
value of each Underlying on that Review Date compared with its Initial Value.
The hypothetical payments set forth below assume the following:
● an Initial Value for each Underlying of 100.00;
● an Interest Barrier for each Underlying of 70.00 (equal to 70.00% of its hypothetical Initial Value);
● a Trigger Value for each Underlying of 60.00 (equal to 60.00% of its hypothetical Initial Value); and
● a Contingent Interest Rate of 12.50% per annum (payable at a rate of 1.04167% per month).
The hypothetical Initial Value of each Underlying of 100.00 has been chosen for illustrative purposes only and does not represent the
actual Initial Value of any Underlying.
The actual Initial Value of each Underlying is the closing value of that Underlying on the Pricing Date and is specified under "Key Terms
- Initial Value" in this pricing supplement. For historical data regarding the actual closing values of each Underlying, please see the
historical information set forth under "The Underlyings" in this pricing supplement.
Each hypothetical payment set forth below is for illustrative purposes only and may not be the actual payment applicable to a purchaser
of the notes. The numbers appearing in the following examples have been rounded for ease of analysis.
Example 1 - Notes are automatically called on the sixth Review Date.
Date
Closing Value of Least
Performing Underlying
Payment (per $1,000 principal amount note)
First Review Date
105.00
$10.4167
Second Review Date
110.00
$10.4167
Third Review Date
110.00
$10.4167
Fourth Review Date
105.00
$10.4167
Fifth Review Date
110.00
$10.4167
Sixth Review Date
120.00
$1,010.4167
Total Payment
$1,062.50 (6.25% return)
Because the closing value of each Underlying on the sixth Review Date is greater than or equal to its Initial Value, the notes will be
automatically called for a cash payment, for each $1,000 principal amount note, of $1,010.4167 (or $1,000 plus the Contingent Interest
Payment applicable to the sixth Review Date), payable on the applicable Call Settlement Date. The notes are not automatically callable
before the sixth Review Date, even though the closing value of each Underlying on each of the first, second, third, fourth and fifth
Review Dates is greater than its Initial Value. When added to the Contingent Interest Payments received with respect to the prior
Review Dates, the total amount paid, for each $1,000 principal amount note, is $1,062.50. No further payments will be made on the
notes.
PS-5| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Example 2 - Notes have NOT been automatically called and the Final Value of the Least Performing Underlying
is greater than or equal to its Trigger Value and its Interest Barrier.
Date
Closing Value of Least
Performing Underlying
Payment (per $1,000 principal amount note)
First Review Date
95.00
$10.4167
Second Review Date
85.00
$10.4167
Third through Twenty-
Second Review Dates
Less than Interest
Barrier
$0
Final Review Date
90.00
$1,010.4167
Total Payment
$1,031.25 (3.125% return)
Because the notes have not been automatically called and the Final Value of the Least Performing Underlying is greater than or equal
to its Trigger Value and its Interest Barrier, the payment at maturity, for each $1,000 principal amount note, will be $1,010.4167 (or
$1,000 plus the Contingent Interest Payment applicable to the final Review Date). When added to the Contingent Interest Payments
received with respect to the prior Review Dates, the total amount paid, for each $1,000 principal amount note, is $1,031.25.
Example 3 - Notes have NOT been automatically called and the Final Value of the Least Performing Underlying
is less than its Interest Barrier but is greater than or equal to its Trigger Value.
Date
Closing Value of Least
Performing Underlying
Payment (per $1,000 principal amount note)
First Review Date
80.00
$10.4167
Second Review Date
75.00
$10.4167
Third through Twenty-
Second Review Dates
Less than Interest
Barrier
$0
Final Review Date
60.00
$1,000.00
Total Payment
$1,020.8333 (2.08333% return)
Because the notes have not been automatically called and the Final Value of the Least Performing Underlying is less than its Interest
Barrier but is greater than or equal to its Trigger Value, the payment at maturity, for each $1,000 principal amount note, will be
$1,000.00. When added to the Contingent Interest Payments received with respect to the prior Review Dates, the total amount paid, for
each $1,000 principal amount note, is $1,020.8333.
Example 4 - Notes have NOT been automatically called and the Final Value of the Least Performing Underlying
is less than its Trigger Value.
Date
Closing Value of Least
Performing Underlying
Payment (per $1,000 principal amount note)
First Review Date
50.00
$0
Second Review Date
55.00
$0
Third through Twenty-
Second Review Dates
Less than Interest
Barrier
$0
Final Review Date
50.00
$500.00
Total Payment
$500.00 (-50.00% return)
Because the notes have not been automatically called, the Final Value of the Least Performing Underlying is less than its Trigger Value
and the Least Performing Underlying Return is -50.00%, the payment at maturity will be $500.00 per $1,000 principal amount note,
calculated as follows:
$1,000 + [$1,000 × (-50.00%)] = $500.00
The hypothetical returns and hypothetical payments on the notes shown above apply only if you hold the notes for their entire term
or until automatically called. These hypotheticals do not reflect the fees or expenses that would be associated with any sale in the
secondary market. If these fees and expenses were included, the hypothetical returns and hypothetical payments shown above would
likely be lower.
PS-6| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Selected Risk Considerations
An investment in the notes involves significant risks. These risks are explained in more detail in the "Risk Factors" sections of the
accompanying prospectus supplement and product supplement and in Annex A to the accompanying prospectus addendum.
● YOUR INVESTMENT IN THE NOTES MAY RESULT IN A LOSS -
The notes do not guarantee any return of principal. If the notes have not been automatically called and the Final Value of any
Underlying is less than its Trigger Value, you will lose 1% of the principal amount of your notes for every 1% that the Final Value of
the Least Performing Underlying is less than its Initial Value. Accordingly, under these circumstances, you will lose more than
40.00% of your principal amount at maturity and could lose all of your principal amount at maturity.
● THE NOTES DO NOT GUARANTEE THE PAYMENT OF INTEREST AND MAY NOT PAY ANY INTEREST AT ALL -
If the notes have not been automatically called, we will make a Contingent Interest Payment with respect to a Review Date only if
the closing value of each Underlying on that Review Date is greater than or equal to its Interest Barrier. If the closing value of any
Underlying on that Review Date is less than its Interest Barrier, no Contingent Interest Payment will be made with respect to that
Review Date. Accordingly, if the closing value of any Underlying on each Review Date is less than its Interest Barrier, you will not
receive any interest payments over the term of the notes.
● CREDIT RISKS OF JPMORGAN FINANCIAL AND JPMORGAN CHASE & CO. -
Investors are dependent on our and JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s ability to pay all amounts due on the notes. Any actual or potential
change in our or JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s creditworthiness or credit spreads, as determined by the market for taking that credit
risk, is likely to adversely affect the value of the notes. If we and JPMorgan Chase & Co. were to default on our payment
obligations, you may not receive any amounts owed to you under the notes and you could lose your entire investment.
● AS A FINANCE SUBSIDIARY, JPMORGAN FINANCIAL HAS NO INDEPENDENT OPERATIONS AND HAS LIMITED ASSETS
-
As a finance subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co., we have no independent operations beyond the issuance and administration of
our securities and the collection of intercompany obligations. Aside from the initial capital contribution from JPMorgan Chase & Co.,
substantially all of our assets relate to obligations of JPMorgan Chase & Co. to make payments under loans made by us to
JPMorgan Chase & Co. or under other intercompany agreements. As a result, we are dependent upon payments from JPMorgan
Chase & Co. to meet our obligations under the notes. We are not a key operating subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and in a
bankruptcy or resolution of JPMorgan Chase & Co. we are not expected to have sufficient resources to meet our obligations in
respect of the notes as they come due. If JPMorgan Chase & Co. does not make payments to us and we are unable to make
payments on the notes, you may have to seek payment under the related guarantee by JPMorgan Chase & Co., and that
guarantee will rank pari passu with all other unsecured and unsubordinated obligations of JPMorgan Chase & Co. For more
information, see the accompanying prospectus addendum.
● THE APPRECIATION POTENTIAL OF THE NOTES IS LIMITED TO THE SUM OF ANY CONTINGENT INTEREST PAYMENTS
THAT MAY BE PAID OVER THE TERM OF THE NOTES,
regardless of any appreciation of any Underlying, which may be significant. You will not participate in any appreciation of any
Underlying.
● POTENTIAL CONFLICTS -
We and our affiliates play a variety of roles in connection with the notes. In performing these duties, our and JPMorgan Chase &
Co.'s economic interests are potentially adverse to your interests as an investor in the notes. It is possible that hedging or trading
activities of ours or our affiliates in connection with the notes could result in substantial returns for us or our affiliates while the
value of the notes declines. Please refer to "Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Conflicts of Interest" in the accompanying product
supplement.
● THERE ARE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FUND -
The Fund is subject to management risk, which is the risk that the investment strategies of the Fund's investment adviser, the
implementation of which is subject to a number of constraints, may not produce the intended results. These constraints could
adversely affect the market price of the shares of the Fund and, consequently, the value of the notes.
● THE PERFORMANCE AND MARKET VALUE OF THE FUND, PARTICULARLY DURING PERIODS OF MARKET VOLATILITY,
MAY NOT CORRELATE WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF THE FUND'S UNDERLYING INDEX AS WELL AS THE NET ASSET
VALUE PER SHARE -
The Fund does not fully replicate its Underlying Index (as defined under "The Underlyings" below) and may hold securities different
from those included in its Underlying Index. In addition, the performance of the Fund will reflect additional transaction costs and
fees that are not included in the calculation of its Underlying Index. All of these factors may lead to a lack of correlation between
the performance of the Fund and its Underlying Index. In addition, corporate actions with respect to the equity securities underlying
the Fund (such as mergers and spin-offs) may impact the variance between the performances of the Fund and its Underlying
Index. Finally, because the shares of the Fund are traded on a securities exchange and are subject to market supply and investor
demand, the market value of one share of the Fund may differ from the net asset value per share of the Fund.
During periods of market volatility, securities underlying the Fund may be unavailable in the secondary market, market participants
may be unable to calculate accurately the net asset value per share of the Fund and the liquidity of the Fund may be adversely
affected. This kind of market volatility may also disrupt the ability of market participants to create and redeem shares of the Fund.
Further, market volatility may adversely affect, sometimes materially, the prices at which market participants are willing to buy and
sell shares of the Fund. As a result, under these circumstances, the market value of shares of the Fund may vary substantially from
the net asset value per share of the Fund. For all of the foregoing reasons, the performance of the Fund may not correlate with the
performance of its Underlying Index as well as the net asset value per share of the Fund, which could materially and adversely
affect the value of the notes in the secondary market and/or reduce any payment on the notes.
PS-7| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
● AN INVESTMENT IN THE NOTES IS SUBJECT TO RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH SMALL CAPITALIZATION STOCKS WITH
RESPECT TO THE RUSSELL 2000® INDEX -
Small capitalization companies may be less able to withstand adverse economic, market, trade and competitive conditions relative
to larger companies. Small capitalization companies are less likely to pay dividends on their stocks, and the presence of a dividend
payment could be a factor that limits downward stock price pressure under adverse market conditions.
● NON-U.S. SECURITIES RISK WITH RESPECT TO THE NASDAQ-100 INDEX® -
The non-U.S. equity securities included in the Nasdaq-100 Index® have been issued by non-U.S. companies. Investments in
securities linked to the value of such non-U.S. equity securities involve risks associated with the home countries and/or the
securities markets in the home countries of the issuers of those non-U.S. equity securities. Also, with respect to equity securities
that are not listed in the U.S., there is generally less publicly available information about companies in some of these jurisdictions
than there is about U.S. companies that are subject to the reporting requirements of the SEC.
● RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BANKING INDUSTRY WITH RESPECT TO THE FUND -
All or substantially all of the equity securities held by the Fund are issued by companies whose primary line of business is directly
associated with the banking industry. As a result, the value of the notes may be subject to greater volatility and be more adversely
affected by a single economic, political or regulatory occurrence affecting this industry than a different investment linked to
securities of a more broadly diversified group of issuers. The performance of bank stocks may be affected by extensive
governmental regulation, which may limit both the amounts and types of loans and other financial commitments they can make, the
interest rates and fees they can charge and the amount of capital they must maintain. Profitability is largely dependent on the
availability and cost of capital funds and can fluctuate significantly when interest rates change. Credit losses resulting from financial
difficulties of borrowers can negatively impact the banking companies. Banks may also be subject to severe price competition.
Competition is high among banking companies and failure to maintain or increase market share may result in lost market share.
These factors could affect the banking industry and could affect the value of the equity securities held by the Fund and the price of
the Fund during the term of the notes, which may adversely affect the value of your notes.
● YOU ARE EXPOSED TO THE RISK OF DECLINE IN THE VALUE OF EACH UNDERLYING-
Payments on the notes are not linked to a basket composed of the Underlyings and are contingent upon the performance of each
individual Underlying. Poor performance by any of the Underlyings over the term of the notes may result in the notes not being
automatically called on a Review Date, may negatively affect whether you will receive a Contingent Interest Payment on any
Interest Payment Date and your payment at maturity and will not be offset or mitigated by positive performance by any other
Underlying.
● YOUR PAYMENT AT MATURITY WILL BE DETERMINED BY THE LEAST PERFORMING UNDERLYING.
● THE BENEFIT PROVIDED BY THE TRIGGER VALUE MAY TERMINATE ON THE FINAL REVIEW DATE-
If the Final Value of any Underlying is less than its Trigger Value and the notes have not been automatically called, the benefit
provided by the Trigger Value will terminate and you will be fully exposed to any depreciation of the Least Performing Underlying.
● THE AUTOMATIC CALL FEATURE MAY FORCE A POTENTIAL EARLY EXIT -
If your notes are automatically called, the term of the notes may be reduced to as short as approximately six months and you will
not receive any Contingent Interest Payments after the applicable Call Settlement Date. There is no guarantee that you would be
able to reinvest the proceeds from an investment in the notes at a comparable return and/or with a comparable interest rate for a
similar level of risk. Even in cases where the notes are called before maturity, you are not entitled to any fees and commissions
described on the front cover of this pricing supplement.
● YOU WILL NOT RECEIVE DIVIDENDS ON THE FUND OR THE SECURITIES INCLUDED IN OR HELD BY ANY UNDERLYING
OR HAVE ANY RIGHTS WITH RESPECT TO THE FUND OR THOSE SECURITIES.
● THE ANTI-DILUTION PROTECTION FOR THE FUND IS LIMITED -
The calculation agent will make adjustments to the Share Adjustment Factor for certain events affecting the shares of the Fund.
However, the calculation agent will not make an adjustment in response to all events that could affect the shares of the Fund. If an
event occurs that does not require the calculation agent to make an adjustment, the value of the notes may be materially and
adversely affected.
● THE RISK OF THE CLOSING VALUE OF AN UNDERLYING FALLING BELOW ITS INTEREST BARRIER OR TRIGGER
VALUE IS GREATER IF THE VALUE OF THAT UNDERLYING IS VOLATILE.
● LACK OF LIQUIDITY-
The notes will not be listed on any securities exchange. Accordingly, the price at which you may be able to trade your notes is likely
to depend on the price, if any, at which JPMS is willing to buy the notes. You may not be able to sell your notes. The notes are not
designed to be short-term trading instruments. Accordingly, you should be able and willing to hold your notes to maturity.
● THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES IS LOWER THAN THE ORIGINAL ISSUE PRICE (PRICE TO PUBLIC) OF THE
NOTES -
The estimated value of the notes is only an estimate determined by reference to several factors. The original issue price of the
notes exceeds the estimated value of the notes because costs associated with selling, structuring and hedging the notes are
included in the original issue price of the notes. These costs include the selling commissions, the projected profits, if any, that our
affiliates expect to realize for assuming risks inherent in hedging our obligations under the notes and the estimated cost of hedging
our obligations under the notes. See "The Estimated Value of the Notes" in this pricing supplement.
● THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES DOES NOT REPRESENT FUTURE VALUES OF THE NOTES AND MAY DIFFER
FROM OTHERS' ESTIMATES -
See "The Estimated Value of the Notes" in this pricing supplement.
PS-8| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
● THE ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES IS DERIVED BY REFERENCE TO AN INTERNAL FUNDING RATE -
The internal funding rate used in the determination of the estimated value of the notes may differ from the market-implied funding
rate for vanilla fixed income instruments of a similar maturity issued by JPMorgan Chase & Co. or its affiliates. Any difference may
be based on, among other things, our and our affiliates' view of the funding value of the notes as well as the higher issuance,
operational and ongoing liability management costs of the notes in comparison to those costs for the conventional fixed income
instruments of JPMorgan Chase & Co. This internal funding rate is based on certain market inputs and assumptions, which may
prove to be incorrect, and is intended to approximate the prevailing market replacement funding rate for the notes. The use of an
internal funding rate and any potential changes to that rate may have an adverse effect on the terms of the notes and any
secondary market prices of the notes. See "The Estimated Value of the Notes" in this pricing supplement.
● THE VALUE OF THE NOTES AS PUBLISHED BY JPMS (AND WHICH MAY BE REFLECTED ON CUSTOMER ACCOUNT
STATEMENTS) MAY BE HIGHER THAN THE THEN-CURRENT ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE NOTES FOR A LIMITED TIME
PERIOD -
We generally expect that some of the costs included in the original issue price of the notes will be partially paid back to you in
connection with any repurchases of your notes by JPMS in an amount that will decline to zero over an initial predetermined period.
See "Secondary Market Prices of the Notes" in this pricing supplement for additional information relating to this initial period.
Accordingly, the estimated value of your notes during this initial period may be lower than the value of the notes as published by
JPMS (and which may be shown on your customer account statements).
● SECONDARY MARKET PRICES OF THE NOTES WILL LIKELY BE LOWER THAN THE ORIGINAL ISSUE PRICE OF THE
NOTES -
Any secondary market prices of the notes will likely be lower than the original issue price of the notes because, among other
things, secondary market prices take into account our internal secondary market funding rates for structured debt issuances and,
also, because secondary market prices may exclude selling commissions, projected hedging profits, if any, and estimated hedging
costs that are included in the original issue price of the notes. As a result, the price, if any, at which JPMS will be willing to buy the
notes from you in secondary market transactions, if at all, is likely to be lower than the original issue price. Any sale by you prior to
the Maturity Date could result in a substantial loss to you.
● SECONDARY MARKET PRICES OF THE NOTES WILL BE IMPACTED BY MANY ECONOMIC AND MARKET FACTORS -
The secondary market price of the notes during their term will be impacted by a number of economic and market factors, which
may either offset or magnify each other, aside from the selling commissions, projected hedging profits, if any, estimated hedging
costs and the values of the Underlyings. Additionally, independent pricing vendors and/or third party broker-dealers may publish a
price for the notes, which may also be reflected on customer account statements. This price may be different (higher or lower) than
the price of the notes, if any, at which JPMS may be willing to purchase your notes in the secondary market. See "Risk Factors -
Risks Relating to the Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes - Secondary market prices of the notes will be
impacted by many economic and market factors" in the accompanying product supplement.
The Underlyings
The Nasdaq-100 Index® is a modified market capitalization-weighted index of 100 of the largest non-financial securities listed on The
Nasdaq Stock Market based on market capitalization. For additional information about the Nasdaq-100 Index®, see "Equity Index
Descriptions - The Nasdaq-100 Index®" in the accompanying underlying supplement.
The Russell 2000® Index consists of the middle 2,000 companies included in the Russell 3000ETM Index and, as a result of the index
calculation methodology, consists of the smallest 2,000 companies included in the Russell 3000® Index. The Russell 2000® Index is
designed to track the performance of the small capitalization segment of the U.S. equity market. For additional information about the
Russell 2000® Index, see "Equity Index Descriptions - The Russell Indices" in the accompanying underlying supplement.
The SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF is an exchange-traded fund of the SPDR® Series Trust, a registered investment company,
that seeks to provide investment results that, before fees and expenses, correspond generally to the total return performance of an
index derived from the regional banking segment of the U.S. banking industry, which we refer to as the Underlying Index with respect to
the SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF. The Underlying Index with respect to the SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF is currently the
S&P® Regional Banks Select IndustryTM Index. The S&P® Regional Banks Select IndustryTM Index is a modified equal-weighted index
that is designed to measure the performance of the GICS® regional banks sub-industry of the S&P Total Market Index. For additional
information about the SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF, see "Fund Descriptions - The SPDR® S&P® Industry ETFs" in the
accompanying underlying supplement.
PS-9| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Historical Information
The following graphs set forth the historical performance of each Underlying based on the weekly historical closing values from January
3, 2020 through October 17, 2025. The closing value of the Nasdaq-100 Index® on October 23, 2025 was 25,097.42. The closing value
of the Russell 2000® Index on October 23, 2025 was 2,482.657. The closing value of the SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF on
October 23, 2025 was $60.18. We obtained the closing values above and below from the Bloomberg Professional® service
("Bloomberg"), without independent verification. The closing values of the Fund above and below may have been adjusted by
Bloomberg for actions taken by the Fund, such as stock splits.
The historical closing values of each Underlying should not be taken as an indication of future performance, and no assurance can be
given as to the closing value of any Underlying on any Review Date. There can be no assurance that the performance of the
Underlyings will result in the return of any of your principal amount or the payment of any interest.
Historical Performance of the Nasdaq-100 Index®
Source: Bloomberg
Historical Performance of the Russell 2000® Index
Source: Bloomberg
PS-10| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Historical Performance of the SPDR® S&P® Regional Banking ETF
Source: Bloomberg
Tax Treatment
You should review carefully the section entitled "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences" in the accompanying product
supplement no. 4-I. In determining our reporting responsibilities we intend to treat (i) the notes for U.S. federal income tax purposes as
prepaid forward contracts with associated contingent coupons and (ii) any Contingent Interest Payments as ordinary income, as
described in the section entitled "Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences - Tax Consequences to U.S. Holders - Notes
Treated as Prepaid Forward Contracts with Associated Contingent Coupons" in the accompanying product supplement. Based on the
advice of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, our special tax counsel, we believe that this is a reasonable treatment, but that there are other
reasonable treatments that the IRS or a court may adopt, in which case the timing and character of any income or loss on the notes
could be materially affected. In addition, in 2007 Treasury and the IRS released a notice requesting comments on the U.S. federal
income tax treatment of "prepaid forward contracts" and similar instruments. The notice focuses in particular on whether to require
investors in these instruments to accrue income over the term of their investment. It also asks for comments on a number of related
topics, including the character of income or loss with respect to these instruments and the relevance of factors such as the nature of the
underlying property to which the instruments are linked. While the notice requests comments on appropriate transition rules and
effective dates, any Treasury regulations or other guidance promulgated after consideration of these issues could materially affect the
tax consequences of an investment in the notes, possibly with retroactive effect. The discussions above and in the accompanying
product supplement do not address the consequences to taxpayers subject to special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the
Code. You should consult your tax adviser regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of an investment in the notes, including
possible alternative treatments and the issues presented by the notice described above.
Non-U.S. Holders - Tax Considerations. The U.S. federal income tax treatment of Contingent Interest Payments is uncertain, and
although we believe it is reasonable to take a position that Contingent Interest Payments are not subject to U.S. withholding tax (at
least if an applicable Form W-8 is provided), it is expected that withholding agents will (and we, if we are the withholding agent, intend
to) withhold on any Contingent Interest Payment paid to a Non-U.S. Holder generally at a rate of 30% or at a reduced rate specified by
an applicable income tax treaty under an "other income" or similar provision. We will not be required to pay any additional amounts with
respect to amounts withheld. In order to claim an exemption from, or a reduction in, the 30% withholding tax, a Non-U.S. Holder of the
notes must comply with certification requirements to establish that it is not a U.S. person and is eligible for such an exemption or
reduction under an applicable tax treaty. If you are a Non-U.S. Holder, you should consult your tax adviser regarding the tax treatment
of the notes, including the possibility of obtaining a refund of any withholding tax and the certification requirement described above.
PS-11| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Section 871(m) of the Code and Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder ("Section 871(m)") generally impose a 30% withholding
tax (unless an income tax treaty applies) on dividend equivalents paid or deemed paid to Non-U.S. Holders with respect to certain
financial instruments linked to U.S. equities or indices that include U.S. equities. Section 871(m) provides certain exceptions to this
withholding regime, including for instruments linked to certain broad-based indices that meet requirements set forth in the applicable
Treasury regulations. Additionally, a recent IRS notice excludes from the scope of Section 871(m) instruments issued prior to January
1, 2027 that do not have a delta of one with respect to underlying securities that could pay U.S.-source dividends for U.S. federal
income tax purposes (each an "Underlying Security"). Based on certain determinations made by us, our special tax counsel is of the
opinion that Section 871(m) should not apply to the notes with regard to Non-U.S. Holders. Our determination is not binding on the IRS,
and the IRS may disagree with this determination. Section 871(m) is complex and its application may depend on your particular
circumstances, including whether you enter into other transactions with respect to an Underlying Security. You should consult your tax
adviser regarding the potential application of Section 871(m) to the notes.
In the event of any withholding on the notes, we will not be required to pay any additional amounts with respect to amounts so withheld.
The Estimated Value of the Notes
The estimated value of the notes set forth on the cover of this pricing supplement is equal to the sum of the values of the following
hypothetical components: (1) a fixed-income debt component with the same maturity as the notes, valued using the internal funding
rate described below, and (2) the derivative or derivatives underlying the economic terms of the notes. The estimated value of the notes
does not represent a minimum price at which JPMS would be willing to buy your notes in any secondary market (if any exists) at any
time. The internal funding rate used in the determination of the estimated value of the notes may differ from the market-implied funding
rate for vanilla fixed income instruments of a similar maturity issued by JPMorgan Chase & Co. or its affiliates. Any difference may be
based on, among other things, our and our affiliates' view of the funding value of the notes as well as the higher issuance, operational
and ongoing liability management costs of the notes in comparison to those costs for the conventional fixed income instruments of
JPMorgan Chase & Co. This internal funding rate is based on certain market inputs and assumptions, which may prove to be incorrect,
and is intended to approximate the prevailing market replacement funding rate for the notes. The use of an internal funding rate and
any potential changes to that rate may have an adverse effect on the terms of the notes and any secondary market prices of the notes.
For additional information, see "Selected Risk Considerations - The Estimated Value of the Notes Is Derived by Reference to an
Internal Funding Rate" in this pricing supplement.
The value of the derivative or derivatives underlying the economic terms of the notes is derived from internal pricing models of our
affiliates. These models are dependent on inputs such as the traded market prices of comparable derivative instruments and on various
other inputs, some of which are market-observable, and which can include volatility, dividend rates, interest rates and other factors, as
well as assumptions about future market events and/or environments. Accordingly, the estimated value of the notes is determined when
the terms of the notes are set based on market conditions and other relevant factors and assumptions existing at that time.
The estimated value of the notes does not represent future values of the notes and may differ from others' estimates. Different pricing
models and assumptions could provide valuations for the notes that are greater than or less than the estimated value of the notes. In
addition, market conditions and other relevant factors in the future may change, and any assumptions may prove to be incorrect. On
future dates, the value of the notes could change significantly based on, among other things, changes in market conditions, our or
JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s creditworthiness, interest rate movements and other relevant factors, which may impact the price, if any, at
which JPMS would be willing to buy notes from you in secondary market transactions.
The estimated value of the notes is lower than the original issue price of the notes because costs associated with selling, structuring
and hedging the notes are included in the original issue price of the notes. These costs include the selling commissions paid to JPMS
and other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers, the projected profits, if any, that our affiliates expect to realize for assuming risks inherent in
hedging our obligations under the notes and the estimated cost of hedging our obligations under the notes. Because hedging our
obligations entails risk and may be influenced by market forces beyond our control, this hedging may result in a profit that is more or
less than expected, or it may result in a loss. A portion of the profits, if any, realized in hedging our obligations under the notes may be
allowed to other affiliated or unaffiliated dealers, and we or one or more of our affiliates will retain any remaining hedging profits. See
"Selected Risk Considerations - The Estimated Value of the Notes Is Lower Than the Original Issue Price (Price to Public) of the
Notes" in this pricing supplement.
PS-12| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
Secondary Market Prices of the Notes
For information about factors that will impact any secondary market prices of the notes, see "Risk Factors - Risks Relating to the
Estimated Value and Secondary Market Prices of the Notes - Secondary market prices of the notes will be impacted by many
economic and market factors" in the accompanying product supplement. In addition, we generally expect that some of the costs
included in the original issue price of the notes will be partially paid back to you in connection with any repurchases of your notes by
JPMS in an amount that will decline to zero over an initial predetermined period. These costs can include selling commissions,
projected hedging profits, if any, and, in some circumstances, estimated hedging costs and our internal secondary market funding rates
for structured debt issuances. This initial predetermined time period is intended to be the shorter of six months and one-half of the
stated term of the notes. The length of any such initial period reflects the structure of the notes, whether our affiliates expect to earn a
profit in connection with our hedging activities, the estimated costs of hedging the notes and when these costs are incurred, as
determined by our affiliates. See "Selected Risk Considerations - The Value of the Notes as Published by JPMS (and Which May Be
Reflected on Customer Account Statements) May Be Higher Than the Then-Current Estimated Value of the Notes for a Limited Time
Period" in this pricing supplement.
Supplemental Use of Proceeds
The notes are offered to meet investor demand for products that reflect the risk-return profile and market exposure provided by the
notes. See "How the Notes Work" and "Hypothetical Payout Examples" in this pricing supplement for an illustration of the risk-return
profile of the notes and "The Underlyings" in this pricing supplement for a description of the market exposure provided by the notes.
The original issue price of the notes is equal to the estimated value of the notes plus the selling commissions paid to JPMS and other
affiliated or unaffiliated dealers, plus (minus) the projected profits (losses) that our affiliates expect to realize for assuming risks inherent
in hedging our obligations under the notes, plus the estimated cost of hedging our obligations under the notes.
Validity of the Notes and the Guarantee
In the opinion of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, as special products counsel to JPMorgan Financial and JPMorgan Chase & Co., when the
notes offered by this pricing supplement have been issued by JPMorgan Financial pursuant to the indenture, the trustee and/or paying
agent has made, in accordance with the instructions from JPMorgan Financial, the appropriate entries or notations in its records relating
to the master global note that represents such notes (the "master note"), and such notes have been delivered against payment as
contemplated herein, such notes will be valid and binding obligations of JPMorgan Financial and the related guarantee will constitute a
valid and binding obligation of JPMorgan Chase & Co., enforceable in accordance with their terms, subject to applicable bankruptcy,
insolvency and similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally, concepts of reasonableness and equitable principles of general
applicability (including, without limitation, concepts of good faith, fair dealing and the lack of bad faith), provided that such counsel
expresses no opinion as to (i) the effect of fraudulent conveyance, fraudulent transfer or similar provision of applicable law on the
conclusions expressed above or (ii) any provision of the indenture that purports to avoid the effect of fraudulent conveyance, fraudulent
transfer or similar provision of applicable law by limiting the amount of JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s obligation under the related guarantee.
This opinion is given as of the date hereof and is limited to the laws of the State of New York, the General Corporation Law of the State
of Delaware and the Delaware Limited Liability Company Act. In addition, this opinion is subject to customary assumptions about the
trustee's authorization, execution and delivery of the indenture and its authentication of the master note and the validity, binding nature
and enforceability of the indenture with respect to the trustee, all as stated in the letter of such counsel dated February 24, 2023, which
was filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 by JPMorgan Financial and JPMorgan Chase & Co. on February 24,
2023.
Additional Terms Specific to the Notes
You should read this pricing supplement together with the accompanying prospectus, as supplemented by the accompanying
prospectus supplement relating to our Series A medium-term notes of which these notes are a part, the accompanying prospectus
addendum and the more detailed information contained in the accompanying product supplement and the accompanying underlying
supplement. This pricing supplement, together with the documents listed below, contains the terms of the notes and supersedes all
other prior or contemporaneous oral statements as well as any other written materials including preliminary or indicative pricing terms,
correspondence, trade ideas, structures for implementation, sample structures, fact sheets, brochures or other educational materials of
ours. You should carefully consider, among other things, the matters set forth in the "Risk Factors" sections of the accompanying
prospectus supplement and the accompanying product supplement and in Annex A to the accompanying prospectus addendum, as the
notes involve risks not associated with conventional debt securities. We urge you to consult your investment, legal, tax, accounting and
other advisers before you invest in the notes.
PS-13| Structured Investments
Auto Callable Contingent Interest Notes Linked to the Least Performing of
the Nasdaq-100 Index®, the Russell 2000® Index and the SPDR® S&P®
Regional Banking ETF
You may access these documents on the SEC website at www.sec.gov as follows (or if such address has changed, by reviewing
our filings for the relevant date on the SEC website):
● Product supplement no. 4-I dated April 13, 2023:
● Underlying supplement no. 1-I dated April 13, 2023:
● Prospectus supplement and prospectus, each dated April 13, 2023:
● Prospectus addendum dated June 3, 2024:
Our Central Index Key, or CIK, on the SEC website is 1665650, and JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s CIK is 19617. As used in this pricing
supplement, "we," "us" and "our" refer to JPMorgan Financial.
JPMorgan Chase & Co. published this content on October 27, 2025, and is solely responsible for the information contained herein. Distributed via Edgar on October 27, 2025 at 18:51 UTC. If you believe the information included in the content is inaccurate or outdated and requires editing or removal, please contact us at [email protected]