Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2025 (Form 10-K)

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 8 of this Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those identified below and those discussed in the section titled "Risk Factors" and other parts of this Report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future.

Overview

We are an enterprise real estate technology company that provides a comprehensive management platform designed for property owners, managers and residents. Our suite of products and services, which includes cloud-based SaaS solutions many of which are enabled by smart building hardware, provide seamless visibility and control over real estate assets. Our platform can lower operating costs, increase revenues, mitigate operational friction and protect assets for owners and operators, while providing a differentiated, elevated living experience for residents.

Through Hub Devices, which integrate our enterprise software with third party smart devices, we enable the integration of our platform with third-party smart devices, our own hardware devices and other technology interfaces. We use an open-architecture, brand-agnostic approach that allows owners, operators, and residents to manage their smart home systems through a single connected interface. Our Smart Community solutions include software and devices that power (i) smart apartments and homes, (ii) access control for buildings, common areas, and rental units, (iii) community and resident WiFi, and other solutions such as asset protection and monitoring and self-guided tours. Our Smart Operations solutions include work order management, the automation of leasing and resident call handling, audit management, and the automation of the inspection process. We also have a professional services team that provides customers with training, installation, and support services.

SmartRent is a category leader in the enterprise smart home solutions industry. As of December 31, 2025, we had 890,870 Units Deployed (as defined below) and approximately 600 customers who either have an active subscription or have purchased any SmartRent product in the past twelve months, including many of the largest multifamily residential owners in the United States. As of December 31, 2025, we believe our customers owned an aggregate of approximately 6.6 million rental units. This represents approximately 13% of the United States market for institutionally owned multifamily rental units and single-family rental homes. In addition to multifamily residential owners, our customers include some of the leading single-family rental homeowners, homebuilders, and iBuyers in the United States.

Our Business Model

We generate revenue primarily from sales of smart home systems that enable property owners and property managers to have visibility and control over assets, while providing all-in-one home control offerings for residents. Our revenue is generated from: (1) the direct sale to our customers of hosted services from subscription fees collected from customers to provide Hosted Services including access controls, asset monitoring, and related services; (2) the sale and delivery of smart home devices, which generally consist of a Hub Device, door-locks, thermostats, sensors, and light switches; and (3) installation and implementation of smart home devices that enable our Hosted Services. Subscription arrangements have contractual terms ranging from one month to ten years and the weighted average length of our recurring revenue contracts is 3.9 years.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

We believe that our success is dependent on many factors, including those further discussed below. Our operating results and cash flows are dependent upon a number of opportunities, challenges and other factors, including our ability to grow our customer and installed base in a cost-effective manner, expand our hardware and hosted service offerings to generate increased revenue per Unit Deployed (as defined below), and provide high quality hardware products and hosted service applications to maximize revenue and improve the leverage of our business model. While these areas represent opportunities for us, they also represent challenges and risks that we must successfully address in order to operate our business.

Active Supply Chain Management

We continue to experience improvements in the challenges related to the global supply chain. In prior periods, the increased demand for electronics as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, U.S. trade relations with China and certain other factors in recent periods led to a global shortage of semiconductors, including Z-wave chips, which are a central component of our Hub Devices. Due to this shortage in prior periods, we experienced Hub Device production delays, which affected our ability to meet scheduled installations and facilitate customer upgrades to our higher-margin Hub Devices. We also experienced shortages and shipment delays related to components for access control systems and made-to-order specialty locks.

The incremental improvements in the global supply chain are evidenced by our reduction of backlogged Units Deployed for Access Control and made-to-order locks.

Earlier in 2025, the U.S. government announced tariffs on goods imported from various countries to the U.S. Countries subject to such tariffs have imposed or may in the future impose reciprocal or retaliatory tariffs and other trade measures. An increase in tariffs could have an adverse impact on our cost structure, supply chain, and broader economic environment.

Investing in Research and Development

Our performance is significantly dependent on the investments we make in research and development, including our ability to attract and retain highly skilled research and development personnel. We must continually develop and introduce innovative new software services and hardware products, and integrate with third-party products and services, mobile applications and other new offerings.

In June 2025, we introduced an AI-powered intelligence layer and enhanced energy management tools designed to empower operators. Our energy management tools are powered by real-time thermostat and device data, which can help operators identify energy waste and make smarter energy decisions without adopting new systems or undergoing extra training.

New Products, Features and Functionality

We are evolving our business into a more diverse platform with new products, features and functionality that enhance the value of our smart home operating system. We have introduced a number of SaaS product enhancements and features, including Answer Automation and Work Management solutions, that streamline property management operations. We have also introduced other in-home smart devices, and Smart Package Room, which is a smart package management solution that transforms package visibility, reduces labor demands, optimizes storage space and enhances resident satisfaction. Our Smart Operations Solutions enhance our overall platform offering and customer value proposition by providing a comprehensive one-stop platform that broadens our support of property operations, enhancing the experience for residents, property owners and managers. We offer an open-API architecture that enables third-party partner integrations, resulting in a multi-functional platform that enhances property management workflow efficiencies, empowers team productivity, elevates resident interactions, and improves resident living experiences. In the future, we intend to continue to release new products and solutions and enhance our existing products and solutions, and we expect that our operating results will be impacted by these releases.

Category Adoption and Market Growth

Our future growth depends in part on the continued consumer adoption of software and hardware products which improve the resident experience and the growth of this market. We need to deliver solutions that enhance the resident experience and deliver value to our customers, rental property owners and operators, as well as homebuilders and developers, by providing products and solutions designed to enhance visibility and control over assets while providing additional revenue opportunities. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we experienced headwinds to adoption as certain customers deferred capital expenditures, driven by broader macroeconomic conditions, which resulted in a decrease in Units Shipped and New Units Deployed. In addition, changes in our executive leadership and the structure of our sales organization have impacted sales and overall volumes.

Recent Developments

In June 2025, we announced the appointment of Frank Martell as President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Martell replaced John Dorman, who had been serving as Interim Chief Executive Officer and President. Mr. Dorman will continue to serve as our Board Chair.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Report are prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Key Metrics

We regularly monitor a number of operating metrics in order to evaluate our operating performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans, measure our progress and make strategic decisions. Our key metrics are not based on any standardized industry methodology and are not necessarily calculated in the same manner or comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies. Similarly, our key metrics may differ from estimates published by third parties or from similarly titled metrics of our competitors due to differences in methodology. The numbers that we use to calculate our key metrics are based on internal data. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable judgments and estimates for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring such information. We regularly review and may adjust our processes for calculating our internal metrics to improve their accuracy.

Units Deployed and New Units Deployed

We define Units Deployed as the aggregate number of Hub Devices that have been installed (including customer self-installations) and have an active subscription as of a stated measurement date. We utilize the Units Deployed metric to assess the health of our business and measure the trajectory of our growth. We define New Units Deployed as the aggregate number of Hub Devices that were installed (including customer self-installations) and resulted in a new active subscription during a stated measurement period. Although our revenue is primarily driven by New Units Deployed and the number of Units Deployed, due to the expansion of our products and services that don't require a Hub Device, and Hub Device upgrades that do not result in net new active subscriptions, the correlation between New Units Deployed and revenue is not as strong as it was historically. Although the correlation has decreased, New Units Deployed is still an indicator of our ability to acquire new customers and expand our relationships with our current customers. As of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we had an aggregate of 890,870, 809,497 and 719,691 Units Deployed, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 we had 82,626, 89,806 and 172,495 New Units Deployed, respectively.

Units Shipped

We define Units Shipped as the aggregate number of Hub Devices that have been shipped to customers during a stated measurement period. Units Shipped is used to assess the trajectory of our growth and is an indicator of our ability to acquire new customers and expand our relationships with our current customers. However, we caution that Units Shipped also includes Hub Devices for upgrades and out of warranty replacements and may not be an indicator of New Units Deployed in future periods. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 we had 110,011, 169,476 and 226,722 Units Shipped, respectively.

Units Booked

We define Units Booked as the aggregate number of Hub Device units subject to binding orders executed during a stated measurement period that will result in a New Unit Deployed. We utilize the concept of Units Booked to measure estimated near-term resource demand and the resulting approximate range of post-delivery revenue that we will earn and record. Units Booked represent binding orders only. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 there were 90,243, 121,670 and 173,195 Units Booked, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, ARR (as defined below) related to Units Booked was $9,102 and 8,410, respectively.

Bookings

We define Bookings as the contract value of hardware, professional services, and the first year of ARR for binding orders executed during a stated measurement period, including renewals and upgrades. We utilize Bookings to measure revenue expected to be earned in future periods from orders contracted during the current period. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 Bookings were $115,650, $133,836 and $158,453, respectively.

SaaS Revenue

We define SaaS Revenue as subscription revenue from fees paid by customers for access to one or more of SmartRent's software applications, including access controls, asset monitoring and related services, and our Community WiFi solution. We believe that SaaS Revenue growth demonstrates our ability to acquire new customers and to maintain and expand our relationships with existing customers. More specifically, we monitor our SaaS Revenue to assess the general health and trajectory of our Hosted Services business. Arrangements with customers do not provide the customer with the right to take possession of SmartRent's software at any time. Customers are granted continuous access to the services over the contractual period. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 34% of our ARR had prepaid payment terms. We believe that our customer base is inherently sticky given the barriers to entry associated with rolling out an integrated enterprise solution across a portfolio of rental units. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we generated SaaS Revenue of $57.8 million, $51.6 million and $41.1 million, respectively.

Annual Recurring Revenue

We define Annual Recurring Revenue ("ARR") as the annualized value of our SaaS Revenue earned in the current quarter, which we calculate by taking the total amount of SaaS Revenue in the current quarter and multiplying that amount by four. We believe that ARR growth demonstrates our ability to acquire new customers and to maintain and expand our relationships with existing customers. More specifically, we monitor our ARR to assess the general health and trajectory of our Hosted Services business. As of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, ARR was approximately $61.6 million, $54.4 million and $46.2 million, respectively.

Hardware Average Revenue per Unit ("ARPU"), Professional Services ARPU, SaaS ARPU, and Units Booked SaaS ARPU

We define Hardware ARPU as total hardware revenue during a given period divided by the total Units Shipped during the same period. Hardware ARPU is used to evaluate the effectiveness of our hardware pricing and assess our ability to market and sell our hardware offerings. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, Hardware ARPU was $527, $489 and $605,respectively.

We define Professional Services ARPU as total professional services revenue during a given period divided by the total New Units Deployed, excluding customer self-installations, during the same period. Professional Services ARPU is used to assess our ability to effectively price our installation services. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we updated the denominator of the calculation to exclude self-installations as self-installations don't materially contribute to professional services revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, Professional Services ARPU was $413, $344 and $255, respectively, per the new definition of Professional Services ARPU. Under the previous definition, Professional Services ARPU was $256, $209 and $206 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We define SaaS ARPU as total SaaS Revenue during a given period divided by the average aggregate Units Deployed in the same period divided by the number of months in the period. Average aggregate Units Deployed is calculated as the Units Deployed as of the current period plus the Units Deployed as of the previous period divided by two. SaaS ARPU is used to evaluate the effectiveness of our SaaS pricing and assess our ability to market and sell our various software solutions. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, SaaS ARPU was $5.67, $5.63 and $5.40, respectively.

We define Units Booked SaaS ARPU as the first year ARR for binding orders with Units Booked executed during the stated measurement period divided by the total Units Booked in the same period divided by the number of months in the period. Units Booked SaaS ARPU is used to evaluate the effectiveness of our SaaS pricing and assess our ability to market and sell our various software solutions for orders executed during the period. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, Units Booked SaaS ARPU was $8.40, $6.44 and $8.32, respectively.

Customer Churn

We define Customer Churn as cancelled deployed units during the measurement period divided by Units Deployed as of the beginning of the measurement period. Cancelled deployed units are the previous Units Deployed that have been cancelled during the same measurement period in which a customer cancels all product subscriptions. Our Hosted Services growth is driven by our ability to retain our customers and minimize Customer Churn. Our Customer Churn for our Smart Communities Solutions is 0.15% for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to 0.07% and 0.02% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Property Net Revenue Retention

We define Property Net Revenue Retention as SaaS Revenue at the end of the current period related to properties which had SaaS Revenue at the end of the same period in the prior year, divided by SaaS Revenue at the end of the same period in the prior year for those same properties. Property Net Revenue Retention includes additions to revenue from price increases on existing products, additions of new products at existing properties and transfers of ownership, offset by any reductions in revenue caused by cancellations or downgrades. Property Net Revenue Retention was 108% as of December 31, 2025 compared to 101% as of December 31, 2024 and 105% as of December 31, 2023.

Customer Net Revenue Retention

We define Customer Net Revenue Retention as SaaS Revenue at the end of the current period related to customers which had SaaS Revenue at the end of the same period in the prior year, divided by SaaS Revenue at the end of the same period in the prior year for those same customers. A customer with SaaS Revenue is defined as an entity that has an active subscription during the stated period. Customer Net Revenue Retention includes additions to revenue from transfers of ownership, price increases on existing products and additions of new products at existing properties, offset by any reductions in revenue caused by cancellations or downgrades. Customer Net Revenue Retention was 110% as of December 31, 2025 compared to 111% as of December 31, 2024.

The table below summarizes our key metrics.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue primarily from sales of systems that consist of hardware devices, professional installation services and Hosted Services enabling property owners and property managers to have visibility and control over assets, while providing all-in-one home control offerings for residents. We record revenue as earned when control of these products and services is transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to collect for those products and services. The table below summarizes our revenue by solution.

(1) For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, Hosted services revenue for our Smart Apartments solution included hub amortization revenue of $15,396, $21,600, and $23,096, respectively.

Hardware Revenue

We generate revenue from the direct sale to our customers of hardware smart home devices, which devices generally consist of a Hub Device, door-locks, thermostats, sensors, and light switches. These hardware devices provide features that function independently without subscription to our software, and the performance obligation for hardware revenue is considered satisfied and revenue is recognized at a point in time when the hardware device is shipped to the customer. Certain previous versions of our Hub Devices do not function independently without the subscription, and therefore, the revenue for those Hub Devices is recognized in Hosted Services revenue. We generally provide a one-year warranty period on hardware devices that are delivered and installed. We record the cost of the warranty as a component of cost of hardware revenue.

Professional Services Revenue

We generate professional services revenue from installing smart home hardware devices, which does not result in significant customization of the installed products and is generally performed over a period ranging from two to four weeks. Installations can be performed by our employees, can be contracted out to a third party with our employees managing the engagement, or can be performed by the customer. Professional services contracts are generally performed on a fixed-price basis and revenue is recognized over the period in which installations are completed.

Hosted Services Revenue

We generate hosted services revenue from (1) the direct sale to our customers of hosted services from subscription fees collected from customers to provide access to one or more of our software applications including access controls, asset monitoring, WiFi, and related services ("Hosted Services") and (2) the amortization of non-distinct Hub Devices. These subscription arrangements have contractual terms ranging from one month to ten years and include recurring fixed plan subscription fees. The weighted average length of our recurring revenue contracts is 3.9 years. Our arrangements do not provide the customer with the right to take possession of our software at any time. Customers are granted continuous access to the services over the contractual period. Accordingly, fees collected for subscription services are recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term beginning on the date the subscription service is made available to the customer.

We sold certain Hub Devices, which only function with the subscription to our software applications and related hosting services ("non-distinct Hub Devices"). We consider those devices and hosting services subscription as a single performance obligation, and therefore we defer the recognition of revenue for those devices that are sold with application subscriptions. The estimated average in-service life of those devices is four years. When a Hub Device without independent functionality is included in a contract that does not require a long-term service commitment, the customer obtains a material right to renew the service because purchasing a new device is not required upon renewal. If a contract contains a material right, proceeds are allocated to the material right and recognized over the period of benefit, which is generally four years. We do not expect to deploy any more non-distinct Hub Devices.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of direct costs of products and services together with the indirect cost of estimated warranty expense and customer care and support over the life of the service arrangement. We expect the cost of revenue to increase in absolute dollars in future periods commensurate with increases in revenue. We record any change to cost of job performance and job conditions in the period during which the revision is identified.

Hardware

Cost of hardware revenue consists primarily of direct costs of products, Hub Devices, hardware devices and supplies purchased from third-party providers, shipping costs, warehouse facility (including depreciation and amortization of capitalized assets and right-of-use assets) and infrastructure costs, personnel-related costs associated with the procurement and distribution of our products and estimated warranty expenses together with the indirect cost of customer care and support. We expect an increase in cost of hardware revenue in absolute dollars in future periods commensurate with increases in revenue.

Tariffs imposed by the U.S. government since 2019, especially with respect to China, have subjected certain SmartRent products manufactured overseas to additional import duties. The amount of the import tariff has changed numerous times based on actions by the U.S. government. The U.S. government has implemented and threatened further increases to tariffs in 2025 on imports from countries such as Canada, Mexico and China. Such actions may increase our cost of hardware revenue and reduce our hardware revenue margins in the future. We continue to monitor and evaluate changes in policy impacting global trade, including tariff regulations.

Professional Services

Cost of professional services revenue consists primarily of direct costs related to personnel-related expenses for installation and supervision of installation services, general contractor expenses and travel expenses associated with installation of our products, and indirect costs that are also primarily personnel-related expenses in connection with training of and ongoing support for customers and residents.

Hosted Services

Cost of Hosted Services revenue consists primarily of the amortization of the direct costs of certain Hub Devices consistent with the revenue recognition period noted above in "Hosted Services Revenue" and infrastructure costs associated with providing our software applications together with the indirect cost of customer care and support over the life of the service arrangement. In future periods, we expect the cost of Hosted Services revenue to increase in absolute dollars at a rate that is lower than the corresponding increase in Hosted Services revenue.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs directly associated with our research and development activities. Our research and development efforts are focused on enhancing and developing additional functionality for our existing products and on new product development. We account for the cost of research and development by capitalizing qualifying costs, which are incurred during the product development stage, and amortizing those costs over the product's estimated useful life, which generally ranges from three to five years depending on the type of application. Costs incurred and capitalized during the product development stage generally include the costs of software configuration, coding, and testing. Such costs primarily include payroll and payroll-related expenses for employees directly involved in the product development. We expense preliminary evaluation costs as they are incurred before technological feasibility is achieved, as well as post development implementation and operation costs, such as training, maintenance and minor upgrades. We begin amortizing capitalized costs when a project is ready for its intended use, and we periodically reassess the estimated useful life of a project considering the effects of obsolescence, technology, competition and other economic factors which may result in a shorter remaining life. We believe our research and development costs will increase in absolute dollars as we increase our investment in product development to broaden the capabilities of our solutions and introduce new products and features.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Our sales and marketing expenses consist of costs directly associated with our sales and marketing activities, which primarily include personnel-related costs, sales commissions, marketing programs, trade shows, and promotional materials. Our sales and marketing expenses may increase over time as we hire additional sales and marketing personnel, increase our lead generation activities, grow our operations, and continue to build brand awareness.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related costs associated with our general and administrative organization, professional fees for legal, accounting and other consulting services, office facility, insurance, information technology costs, legal settlements, and expenses incurred as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and stock exchange listing requirements, additional insurance expense, investor relations activities and other administrative and professional services. We may also increase the size of our general and administrative staff in order to support the growth of our business but at a rate that is lower than the corresponding increase in total revenue.

Impairment Charge

Impairment charge consists of goodwill impairment. See Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies for more information.

Other Income/Expenses

Other income/expenses consist primarily of interest income, net of interest expense, foreign currency transaction gains and losses, and other income related to the operations of foreign subsidiaries. Interest expense is recorded in connection with our various debt facilities. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses relate to the impact of transactions denominated in a foreign currency other than the U.S. dollar. If we continue to expand our international operations, our exposure to fluctuations in foreign currencies has increased, which we expect to continue.

Provision for Income Taxes

The income tax expense on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss is primarily related to state minimum and franchise taxes. We have established a full valuation allowance for net deferred U.S. federal and state tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards. We expect to maintain this valuation allowance until it becomes more likely than not that the benefit of our federal and state deferred tax assets will be realized in future periods. We believe that we have established an adequate allowance for our uncertain tax positions, although we can provide no assurance that the final outcome of these matters will not be materially different. To the extent that the final outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made.

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023

The results of operations presented below should be reviewed together with the consolidated financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this Report. The following table summarizes our historical consolidated results of operations data for the periods presented. The period-to-period comparison of operating results is not necessarily indicative of results for future periods. All dollars are in thousands unless otherwise stated.

For comparison of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, refer to Part II, Item 7 "Management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations" on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 5, 2025, under the subheading "Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023".

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Revenue

Total revenue decreased by $22.6 million, or 13%, to $152.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $174.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily driven by a 35% decrease in Units Shipped to 110,011 for the year ended December 31, 2025 from 169,476 for the year ended December 31, 2024, an 8% decrease in New Units Deployed to 82,626 for the year ended December 31, 2025 from 89,806 for the year ended December 31, 2024, and a $6.2 million decrease in hub amortization, partially offset by a 20% increase in Professional Services ARPU to $413 for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $344 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in Units Shipped is primarily attributable to our decision to discontinue bulk hardware shipments. In addition, changes in leadership and the structure of our sales organization have adversely impacted sales and overall volumes.

Hardware revenue decreased by approximately $24.8 million, or 30%, to $58.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $82.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease in hardware revenue was driven by a 35% decrease in Units Shipped to 110,011 for the year ended December 31, 2025 from 169,476 for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Professional services revenue increased by $2.3 million, or 12%, to $21.1 million for year ended December 31, 2025, from $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in professional services revenue was primarily driven by a 20% increase in Professional services ARPU to $413 for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $344 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in ARPU was partially offset by an 8% decrease in New Units Deployed to 82,626 units for the year ended December 31, 2025 from 89,806 units for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Hosted Services revenue was flat at $73.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. Of the $73.2 million revenue in 2025, $57.8 million is related to SaaS Revenue and $15.4 million is related to hub amortization. Revenue from SaaS increased by $6.2 million, or 12%, and revenue from hub amortization decreased by $6.2 million from the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2025. The increase in SaaS revenue resulted primarily from a 10% increase in the aggregate number of Units Deployed from 809,497 units at December 31, 2024 to 890,870 units at December 31, 2025.

We don't expect to deploy any more non-distinct Hub Devices, thus, the revenue contribution from hub amortization should continue to decrease in future periods until the non-distinct Hub Devices are fully amortized. As noted above, revenue from hub amortization decreased by $6.2 million from the year ended December 31, 2024 to the year ended December 31, 2025. In the year ending December 31, 2026, hub amortization is expected to further decrease by $10.6 million. The table below shows the expected revenue contribution from hub amortization.

Cost of Revenue

Total cost of revenue decreased by $12.1 million, or 11%, to approximately $102.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $114.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in cost of revenue resulted primarily from a 35% decrease in Units Shipped, an 8% decrease in New Units Deployed and a 27% decrease in hub amortization.

Hardware cost of revenue decreased by approximately $6.0 million, or 10%, to $52.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $58.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. This decrease in hardware cost of revenue was primarily attributable to a 35% decrease in Units Shipped, partially offset by an unfavorable product mix related to doorbells and inventory write-offs in connection with sunsetting our parking management solution.

Professional services cost of revenue decreased by $5.0 million, or 16%, to $26.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $31.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in professional services cost of revenue is primarily attributable to a decrease of $3.3 million in personnel-related costs and travel and a $1.6 million decrease in third-party contractors driven by an 8% decrease in New Units Deployed.

Hosted Services cost of revenue decreased by $1.1 million, or 4%, to $23.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $24.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease resulted from a $3.0 million decrease in hub amortization partially offset by an increase in capitalized software amortization costs of $1.2 million due to the completion of projects related to internal processes that drive efficiencies and customer-facing enhancements. These increases were primarily driven by a 10% increase in the aggregate number of Units Deployed resulting in a greater number of active subscriptions for our software service applications.

Operating Expenses

Research and development expenses decreased by $3.1 million, or 11%, to $26.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $29.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily related to a decrease of $2.0 million in personnel-related expenses and $1.0 in stock compensation.

Sales and marketing expenses increased by $1.0 million, or 5%, to approximately $19.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $18.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, resulting primarily from an increase of $1.0 million in third party consultants. We believe our sales and marketing expenses will increase in future periods as we continue to invest in building a scalable sales team, which began with hiring our Chief Revenue Officer in September 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, general and administrative expenses decreased by $11.1 million, or 20%, to $43.2 million, from $54.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, resulting primarily from a $6.8 million decrease in legal fees and settlements, a $2.5 million decrease in severance, a $2.3 million decrease related to the impairment of an investment in a non-affiliate in the prior year, and a $0.8 million decrease in business insurance, partially offset by a $2.6 million increase in personnel-related expenses.

Goodwill Impairment Charge

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we identified certain indicators of impairment, which resulted in a goodwill impairment charge of $24.9 million. See Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies for additional information.

Other Income

Interest income decreased by $4.3 million to $4.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in net interest income is primarily attributable to a lower cash balance on which we're earning interest, and a decrease in interest rates throughout the year.

Interest expense was flat at $0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Other (expense) income, net decreased by $0.6 million to approximately $(0.4) million for the year ended December 31, 2025, from $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in other (expense) income, net is primarily attributable to an increase in legal settlement expenses of $0.5 million.

Income Taxes

We provided a full valuation allowance on our net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2025, and December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, we had $252.9 million of U.S. federal and $246.0 million of state gross net operating loss carryforwards available to reduce future taxable income, which will be carried forward indefinitely for U.S. federal tax purposes and will expire between 2032 and 2045 for state tax purposes. The income tax expense is related to the federal, state, and international taxes payable offset by a change in the valuation allowance.

On July 4, 2025, the OBBBA was enacted in the U.S. The OBBBA includes significant provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. We have benefited from the restoration of 100% bonus depreciation and the favorable treatment of research and development expenditures under Section 174 enacted by the OBBBA, and the effects of the legislation have been reflected in our income tax provision.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement the consolidated financial statements, which are prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, we present EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, described below, as non-GAAP measures. We believe the presentation of both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures provides investors with increased transparency into financial measures used by our management team and improves investors' understanding of our underlying operating performance and their ability to analyze our ongoing operating trends.

All historic non-GAAP financial measures have been reconciled with the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures - these non-GAAP financial measures are not intended to supersede or replace our GAAP results.

We define EBITDA as net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP before interest income, net, income tax expense (benefit) and depreciation and amortization.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA before expenses related to non-recurring legal matters, stock-based compensation, impairment of investment in a non-affiliate, goodwill impairment, inventory write-off, non-employee warrant expense, non-recurring warranty provisions, compensation expense in connection with acquisitions, other acquisition expenses, and other expenses caused by non-recurring, or unusual, events that are not indicative of our ongoing business.

Our management uses EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to assess our financial and operating performance, and we believe these measures are helpful to management and external users in understanding our performance. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA help management identify controllable cash expenses and make decisions designed to help us meet our identified financial and operational goals and to optimize our financial performance, while neutralizing the impact of some expenses included in our operating results caused by external influences over which management has little or no control and by non-recurring, or unusual, events that might otherwise mask trends in our performance. Accordingly, we believe these metrics measure our financial performance based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely our cost structure and expenses.

We believe that the presentation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA provides information useful to investors in assessing our results of operations. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA is net income (loss). EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not used as measures of our liquidity and should not be considered alternatives to net income (loss) or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to the EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definitions of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing these non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other companies.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss (as determined in accordance with GAAP) to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods indicated.

(1) Refer to Note 12 "Commitments and Contingencies".

(2) Refer to Note 2 "Significant Accounting Policies".

(3) Inventory write-offs related to the sunsetting of our parking management solution.

(4) During the year ended December 31, 2025 other non-operating expenses includes severance expense of $2,211. During the year ended December 31, 2024, other non-operating expenses includes $3,183 of severance expense and $1,065 of CEO transition expenses. During the year ended December 31, 2023, other non-operating expenses includes $1,070 of severance expense. Severance expenses were primarily related to executive departures and other staff terminations that are not reflective of our ongoing operating results.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $104.6 million, which were held for working capital and general corporate purposes. Our cash equivalents are comprised primarily of money market funds. To date, our principal sources of liquidity have been the net proceeds received as a result of the Business Combination, and payments collected from sales to our customers.

Debt Issuances

In December 2021, we entered into a $75.0 million senior secured revolving credit facility with a five-year term (the "Senior Revolving Facility"). Interest rates for draws upon the Senior Revolving Facility are determined by whether we elect a secured overnight financing rate loan ("SOFR Loan") or alternate base rate loan ("ABR Loan"). For SOFR Loans, the interest rate is based upon the forward-looking term rate based on SOFR as published by the CME Group Benchmark Administration Limited (CBA) plus 0.10%, subject to a floor of 0.00%, plus an applicable margin. For ABR Loans, the interest rate is based upon the highest of (i) the Prime Rate, (ii) the Federal Funds Effective Rate plus 0.50%, or (iii) 3.25%, plus an applicable margin. As of December 31, 2025, the applicable margins for SOFR Loans and ABR Loans under the Senior Revolving Facility were 1.75% and (0.50%), respectively. The Senior Revolving Facility is secured by substantially all of our assets and guaranteed by each of our material domestic subsidiaries.

We believe that our current cash, cash equivalents, available borrowing capacity under the Senior Revolving Facility, and cash raised in the Business Combination will be sufficient to fund our operations for at least the next 12 months beyond the issuance date of this Report. Our future capital requirements, however, will depend on many factors, including our sales volume, the expansion of sales and marketing activities, and market adoption of our new and enhanced products and features. We may in the future enter into arrangements to acquire or invest in complementary businesses, services, and technologies, including intellectual property rights. From time to time, we may seek to raise additional funds through equity and debt. If we are unable to raise additional capital when desired and on reasonable terms, our business, results of operations, and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Stock Repurchase Program

In March 2024, the Board authorized a stock repurchase program pursuant to which we may repurchase up to $50 million of our Class A common stock. Repurchases under the program may be made from time to time through open market purchases or through privately negotiated transactions subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements and other relevant factors. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular amount of our Class A common stock and may be suspended at any time at our discretion. The timing and number of shares repurchased will depend on a variety of factors, including the stock price, business and market conditions, corporate and regulatory requirements, alternative investment opportunities, acquisition opportunities, and other factors.

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we repurchased 5.1 million shares of our Class A common stock under the stock repurchase program at an average price of approximately $0.96 per share for a total of $4.9 million. As of December 31, 2025, approximately $16.8 million remained available for stock repurchases pursuant to our stock repurchase program.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased 15.2 million shares of our Class A common stock under the stock repurchase program at an average price of approximately $1.89 per share for a total of $28.6 million. As of December 31, 2024, approximately $21.6 million remained available for stock repurchases pursuant to our stock repurchase program.

Cash Flow Summary - Years Ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods presented.

Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our operating activities used $21.6 million in cash resulting primarily from our net loss of $60.6 million and $6.8 million used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by approximately $45.8 million provided by non-cash expenses. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities primarily resulted from a $31.7 million decrease in deferred revenue and an $11.3 million decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities, partially offset by a $12.9 million decrease in accounts receivable, $8.6 million decrease in deferred cost of revenue, a $6.6 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets, a $4.5 million decrease in inventory and a $4.2 million increase in accounts payable. Non-cash expenses consisted primarily of goodwill impairment of $24.9 million - refer to Note 2 Significant Accounting Policies, stock compensation of $8.8 million, depreciation and amortization of $8.4 million and provision for excess and obsolete inventory of $4.2 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our operating activities used $32.9 million in cash resulting primarily from our net loss of $33.6 million and $28.4 million used in changes in our operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by approximately $29.1 million provided by non-cash expenses. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities primarily resulted from a $35.5 million decrease in deferred revenue, an $6.4 million decrease in accounts payable, and a $0.7 million decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities, partially offset by an $11.2 million decrease in deferred cost of revenue and a $4.5 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets. Non-cash expenses consisted primarily of stock-based compensation of $12.1 million, non-cash legal expenses of $5.0 million, in which the Company agreed to settle a legal dispute with a supplier by returning $5.0 million of inventory, depreciation and amortization of $6.5 million, provision for excess and obsolete inventory of $2.6 million and impairment of investment in non-affiliate of $2.3 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our operating activities resulted in net proceeds of $6.0 million in cash resulting primarily from $27.8 million provided by non-cash expenses and $12.8 million provided by changes in our operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by our net loss of $34.6 million. Non-cash expenses consisted primarily of stock-based compensation of $13.3 million, depreciation and amortization of $5.5 million, compensation expense related to acquisitions of $2.1 million, and provision for excess and obsolete inventory of $2.5 million. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities primarily resulted from a $31.7 million decrease in inventory and a $13.0 million decrease in deferred cost of revenue, partially offset by a $16.8 million decrease in deferred revenue and an $11.0 million decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities.

Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we used $8.6 million of cash for investing activities, resulting primarily from cash paid of $5.1 million for capitalized internal-use software development costs and $3.6 million for the purchase of property and equipment, including $3.3 million related to tenant improvements at our Phoenix office headquarters.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we used $7.6 million of cash for investing activities, resulting primarily from cash paid of $5.8 million for capitalized internal-use software development costs and $1.8 million for the purchase of property and equipment.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, we used $6.0 million of cash for investing activities, resulting primarily from cash paid of $3.6 million for capitalized internal-use software development costs and $2.3 million cash paid for investment in non-affiliate.

Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our financing activities used $7.4 million of cash, resulting primarily from $4.9 million used for repurchases of Class A common stock, $1.5 million used for earnout payments related to the iQuue LLC acquisition (the "iQuue acquisition") and $1.4 million used for taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our financing activities used $33.0 million of cash, resulting primarily from $28.6 million used for repurchases of Class A common stock, $2.0 million used for taxes paid related to net share settlements of stock-based compensation awards and $1.5 million used for earnout payments related to the iQuue LLC acquisition (the "iQuue acquisition").

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our financing activities used $1.9 million of cash, resulting primarily from $1.7 million used for earnout payments related to the iQuue acquisition.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2025.

Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that can significantly impact the amounts we report as assets, liabilities, revenue, costs and expenses and the related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Our actual results could differ significantly from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance as these policies involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity.

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenue primarily from sales of systems that consist of hardware devices, professional installation services and Hosted Services to assist property owners and property managers with visibility and control over assets, while providing all-in-one home control offerings for residents. Revenue is recognized when control of these products and services are transferred to the customer in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to receive in exchange for those products and services.

Payments we receive by check or automated clearing house payments, and payment terms are determined by individual contracts and range from due upon receipt to net 30 days. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are not included in reported revenue. Payments received from customers in advance of revenue recognition are reported as deferred revenue.

We apply the practical expedient that allows for inclusion of the future auto-renewals in the initial measurement of the transaction price. We only apply these steps when it is probable that we will collect the consideration to which we are entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to a customer.

Accounting for contracts recognized over time involves the use of various estimates of total contract revenue and costs. Due to uncertainties inherent in the estimation process, it is possible that estimates of costs to complete a performance obligation may be revised in the future as we observe the economic performance of our contracts. Changes in job performance, job conditions and estimated profitability may result in revision to our estimates of revenue and costs and are recognized in the period in which the revision is identified.

We may enter into contracts that contain multiple distinct performance obligations including hardware and Hosted Services. The hardware performance obligation includes the delivery of hardware, and the Hosted Services performance obligation allows the customer use of our software during the contracted-use term. The subscription for the software and certain Hub Devices combine as one performance obligation, and there is no support or ongoing subscription for other device hardware. We partner with several manufacturers to offer a range of compatible hardware options for its customers. We maintain control of the hardware purchased from manufacturers prior to it being transferred to the customer, and accordingly, SmartRent is considered the principal in these arrangements.

For each performance obligation identified, we estimate the standalone selling price, which represents the price at which we would sell the good or service separately. If the standalone selling price is not observable through past transactions, we estimate the standalone selling price, considering available information such as market conditions, historical pricing data, and internal pricing guidelines related to the performance obligations. We then allocate the transaction price among those obligations based on the estimation of the standalone selling price.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of cost over net assets of our completed business combinations. We test for potential impairment of goodwill on an annual basis as of September 30 to determine if the carrying value is less than the fair value. We conduct additional tests between annual tests if there are indications of potential goodwill impairment. During the three months ended March 31, 2025, we experienced a sustained decline in stock price, resulting in a significant decrease in market capitalization. As a result, we conducted an interim impairment test utilizing the qualitative approach and determined that impairment is more likely than not. As a result, we then performed an interim quantitative impairment test which resulted in an indication of impairment.

The fair value of the reporting unit used in this impairment test was determined using a combination of an income approach and market-based approach. The mix between the two approaches requires significant judgement. As a result of these tests, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $24.9 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025.

The significant assumptions used in determining the fair value of the reporting unit under the income approach primarily relate to revenue growth rate, forecasted EBITDA and the selected discount rate used in the discounted cash flow model. The significant assumptions used in the market-based approach primarily relate to the forecasted EBITDA margin, the selected control premium, and selected revenue and EBITDA multiples, which require significant judgement.

To the extent that inputs and assumptions used in the analysis change, such as an increased discount rate, updated cash flow projections, or decreases to Guideline companies' multiples, additional impairment charges may be recorded in the future. In addition, a further decrease in our common stock share price and market capitalization could be an indicator of a decrease in the fair value of our equity.

As noted above, the estimates and assumptions regarding expected future cash flows, discount rates, and revenue and EBITDA multiples require considerable judgment and are based on market conditions, financial forecasts, industry trends, and historical experience. These estimates have inherent uncertainties as they may be based on varying assumptions which could lead to materially different results. Our goodwill balance was $92.3 million and $117.3 million as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively.

Inventory Valuation

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value. Cost is computed under the first-in, first-out method. We adjust the inventory balance based on anticipated obsolescence, usage, and historical write-offs. Significant judgment is used in establishing our forecasts of future demand and obsolete material exposures. We consider marketability and product life cycle stage, product development plans, demand forecasts, historical revenue, and assumptions about future demand and market conditions in establishing our estimates. If the actual product demand is significantly lower than forecast, which may be caused by factors within and outside of our control, or if there were a higher incidence of inventory obsolescence because of rapidly changing technology and our customer requirements, we may be required to increase our inventory adjustment. A change in our estimates could have a significant impact on the value of our inventory and our results of operations.

Stock-Based Compensation

Our stock-based compensation relates to stock options and restricted stock units ("RSUs") granted to our employees and directors. Stock-based awards are measured based on the grant date fair value. We estimate the fair value of stock option awards on the grant date using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of RSUs is based on the grant date fair value of the stock price. The fair value of these awards is recognized as compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period in which the awards are expected to vest. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur by reversing previously recognized compensation expense.

The Black-Scholes model considers several variables and assumptions in estimating the fair value of stock-based awards. These variables include the per share fair value of the underlying common stock, exercise price, expected term, risk-free interest rate, expected annual dividend yield, the expected stock price volatility over the expected term and forfeitures, which are recognized as they occur.

The grant date fair value is also utilized with respect to RSUs with service conditions to vest. For RSUs with a performance condition, based on a liquidity event, as well as a service condition to vest, no compensation expense is recognized until the performance condition has been satisfied. Subsequent to the liquidity event, compensation expense is recognized to the extent the requisite service period has been completed and compensation expense thereafter is recognized on an accelerated attribution method. Under the accelerated attribution method, compensation expense is recognized over the remaining requisite service period for each service condition tranche as though each tranche is, in substance, a separate award. In August 2021, we completed the merger with FWAA, which met the liquidity event vesting condition and triggered the recognition of compensation expense for awards of RSUs, or applicable portions of such awards, for which the time-based vesting condition had been satisfied.

Emerging Growth Company Status

Section 102(b)(1) of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the "JOBS Act") exempts "emerging growth companies" as defined in Section 2(A) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can choose not to take advantage of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies, and any such election to not take advantage of the extended transition period is irrevocable. We are an "emerging growth company" and have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period.

We will use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public business entities and non-public business entities until the earlier of the date we (a) are no longer an emerging growth company or (b) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. The extended transition period exemptions afforded by our emerging growth company status may make it difficult or impossible to compare our financial results with the financial results of another public company that is either not an emerging growth company or is an emerging growth company that has chosen not to take advantage of this exemption because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We will remain an "emerging growth company" under the JOBS Act until the earliest of (a) the first fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the initial public offering by FWAA, which closed on February 9, 2021 (b) the last date of our fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, (c) the last date of our fiscal year in which we are deemed to be a "large accelerated filer" under the rules of the SEC with at least $700.0 million of outstanding securities held by non-affiliates or (d) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non- convertible debt securities during the previous three years.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, "Significant Accounting Policies" - Recent Accounting Guidance for more information.