Eighteen individuals and entities charged in international operation targeting widespread fraud and manipulation in the cryptocurrency markets

Date: Oct. 9, 2024

Contact: [email protected]

BOSTON - Eighteen individuals and entities have been charged for widespread fraud and manipulation in the cryptocurrency markets. Charges were unsealed in Boston against the leaders of four cryptocurrency companies, four cryptocurrency financial services firms (known as "market makers") and employees at those firms.

Four defendants have pleaded guilty, another defendant has agreed to plead guilty, and authorities apprehended three other defendants in Texas, the United Kingdom and Portugal this week. More than $25 million in cryptocurrency has been seized and multiple trading bots responsible for millions of dollars' worth of wash trades for approximately 60 different cryptocurrencies have been deactivated.

According to the charging documents, the defendants who created cryptocurrency companies made false statements about their cryptocurrencies ("tokens") and executed sham trades in those tokens ("wash trades") to create the appearance of trading activity that would make the tokens look like good investments. These deceptive tactics allegedly attracted new investors and purchasers, which resulted in an increase in the tokens' trading prices. The defendants are then alleged to have sold their tokens at the artificially inflated prices, a fraud commonly known as a "pump and dump." The largest of these cryptocurrency companies, Saitama, at one point had a multibillion-dollar market value.

The cryptocurrency companies also allegedly hired financial services firms ("market makers") to wash trade their tokens in exchange for payment. As one market maker defendant, who has agreed to plead guilty, described the practice to a prospective client: the "objective on the secondary markets" is to find "other buyers from the community, people you don't know about or don't care about" because "we have to make [the other buyers] lose money in order to make profit."

Three market makers-ZM Quant, CLS Global and MyTrade-along with their employees are charged with allegedly wash trading and/or conspiring to wash trade on behalf of NexFundAI, a cryptocurrency company and token created at the direction of law enforcement as part of the government's investigation. A fourth market maker, Gotbit, its CEO, and two of its directors are also charged for perpetrating a similar scheme.

"This investigation, the first of its kind, identified numerous fraudsters in the cryptocurrency industry. Wash trading has long been outlawed in the financial markets, and cryptocurrency is no exception. These are cases where an innovative technology - cryptocurrency - met a century old scheme - the pump and dump. The message today is, if you make false statements to trick investors, that's fraud. Period. Our Office will aggressively pursue fraud, including in the cryptocurrency industry," said Acting United States Attorney Joshua Levy. "These charges are also a stark reminder of how vigilant online investors must be and that doing your homework before diving into the digital frontier is critical. People considering making investments in the cryptocurrency industry should understand how these scams work so that they can protect themselves."

"What the FBI uncovered in this case is essentially a new twist to old-school financial crime. 'Operation Token Mirrors' targeted nefarious token developers, promoters, and market makers in the crypto space. What we uncovered has resulted in charges against the leadership of four cryptocurrency companies, and four crypto 'market makers' and their employees who are accused of spearheading a sophisticated trading scheme that allegedly bilked honest investors out of millions of dollars," said Jodi Cohen, Special Agent in Charge of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Boston Division. "The FBI took the unprecedented step of creating its very own cryptocurrency token and company to identify, disrupt, and bring these alleged fraudsters to justice."

If you bought or sold any of the tokens referenced below, please fill out this form.

The Securities & Exchange Commission has filed civil complaints alleging violations of the securities laws in relation to the conduct at Gotbit, CLS, ZM Quant, Saitama and Robo Inu. Valuable assistance was provided by the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI), Boston Field Office, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Legal Attachés (Madrid and London), Portugal's Policia Judiciaria European Network of Fugitive Active Search Team (ENFAST), the United Kingdom's National Crime Agency's National Extradition Unit, and the Criminal Division's Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section, National Cryptocurrency Enforcement Team.

Acting United States Attorney Joshua S. Levy and Jodi Cohen, Special Agent in Charge of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Boston Division made the announcement. Assistant U.S. Attorneys Christopher J. Markham and David M. Holcomb of the Securities, Financial & Cyber Fraud Unit are prosecuting the cases.

The details contained in the charging documents are allegations. The defendants are presumed to be innocent unless and until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt in the court of law.

IRS-CI is the criminal investigative arm of the IRS, responsible for conducting financial crime investigations, including tax fraud, narcotics trafficking, money-laundering, public corruption, healthcare fraud, identity theft and more. IRS-CI special agents are the only federal law enforcement agents with investigative jurisdiction over violations of the Internal Revenue Code, obtaining a more than a 90 percent federal conviction rate. The agency has 20 field offices located across the U.S. and 12 attaché posts abroad.