Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following information should be read in conjunction with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the audited financial information and the notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on March 18, 2026. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon our current plans, expectations and beliefs that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and the timing of selected events may differ materially from those described in or implied by these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under the section titled "Risk Factors" in Part II, Item 1A. You should carefully read the "Risk Factors" section of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to gain an understanding of the important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forward-looking statements. Please also see the section entitled "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements."
Overview
We are a biopharmaceutical company dedicated to pioneering better, gentler medicines for the brain. Our company discovers and develops differentiated small molecule medicines for neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders with significant unmet need. Our approach to achieve this goal is scientifically driven, patient focused, and coupled with an integrated and disciplined approach to research, clinical development and business development.
Our team has significant experience with and understanding of epilepsies and other neurological conditions, and we continue to gain insight into the ways the different molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying these disorders impact the symptoms patients experience. We have developed a differentiated pipeline of drug candidates containing novel mechanisms of action ("MoAs") to target seizures and other central nervous system conditions and believe we are the only company that holds a portfolio of direct activators of potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 ("KCC2"). Two of our programs are currently in clinical trials, and others are planned to advance into the clinic. We are initially pursuing therapeutic drug candidates for the potential treatment of drug-resistant focal onset seizures ("FOS"), developmental and epileptic encephalopathies ("DEEs"), including tuberous sclerosis complex ("TSC") seizures and infantile spasms ("IS"), psychosis associated with Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia ("LBD") and schizophrenia. If successfully developed and marketed to treat these conditions, we intend to explore these drug candidates for broader neurologic and neuropsychiatric indications. Our cohesive focus in brain disorders with significant unmet need reinforces our belief that we can develop and produce multiple novel medicines, scale our infrastructure, positively impact patients' lives and create long-term stockholder value.
Since our inception in April 2014, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to business development, research and development, recruiting management and technical staff, and raising capital. Our major sources of cash have been licensing revenue, proceeds from various public and private offerings of our capital stock, option exercises and interest income. During the six month periods ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, we recorded $0.7 million and $6.4 million of royalty revenue, respectively. We recorded net losses of $32.0 million and $14.9 million, respectively, during the six month periods ended June 30, 2026 and 2025. Through June 30, 2026, we had raised net proceeds of $431.7 million from the sale of our capital stock, including $75.1 million from a private placement completed in October 2025 and $56.2 million from a private placement in March 2026. As of June 30, 2026, we had $169.8 million in cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities, working capital of $113.6 million, and an accumulated deficit of $353.7 million. Management believes our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of June 30, 2026, will be sufficient to fund our current operating plans for at least the next 12 months from the issuance of the financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
We expect to incur significant expenses and operating losses for at least the next several years. We are dependent on our ability to find additional sources of funding through either equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing agreements or a combination of any such transactions. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from period to period, depending on the timing of our clinical trials and expenditures on our other research and development and commercial development activities. We expect our expenses will increase substantially over time as we:
•continue the ongoing and planned preclinical and clinical development of our drug candidates;
•build a portfolio of drug candidates through the discovery, development, acquisition or in-license of drugs, drug candidates or technologies;
•initiate preclinical studies and clinical trials for any additional drug candidates that we may pursue in the future;
•seek marketing approvals for our current and future drug candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;
•establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any drug candidate for which we may obtain marketing approval;
•develop, maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio;
•implement operational, financial and management systems; and
•attract, hire and retain additional administrative, clinical, regulatory, manufacturing, commercial and scientific personnel.
Our Pipeline
The following chart sets forth the status and mechanism of action of our drug candidates:
Significant Risks and Uncertainties
The global economic slowdown, the overall disruption of global healthcare systems and other risks and uncertainties associated with public health crises and global geopolitical tensions, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. The resulting fluctuations in inflation rates may materially affect our business and corresponding financial position and cash flows. Inflationary factors, such as increases in the cost of our clinical trial materials and supplies, interest rates and overhead costs may adversely affect our operating results. Relatively high interest rates also present a challenge impacting the U.S. economy and could make it more difficult for us to obtain traditional financing on acceptable terms, if at all, in the future. Furthermore, economic conditions have produced downward pressure on share prices. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, we may experience increases in the future on our operating costs, including our labor costs and research and development costs, due to supply chain constraints, global geopolitical tensions, worsening global macroeconomic conditions, and employee availability and wage increases, which may result in additional stress on our working capital resources. Moreover, there is great uncertainty with respect to potential changes in trade regulations, ongoing changes to U.S. and international tariffs and other trade restrictions and trade barriers, renegotiation of international trade agreements or further escalation of trade tension, sanctions and export controls which also increase volatility in the global economy.
In addition, we are subject to other challenges and risks specific to our business and our ability to execute on our strategy, as well as risks and uncertainties common to companies in the pharmaceutical industry with development and commercial operations, including, without limitation, risks and uncertainties associated with: identifying, acquiring or in-licensing products or product candidates; obtaining regulatory approval of product candidates; pharmaceutical product development and the inherent uncertainty of clinical success; the challenges of protecting and enhancing our intellectual property rights; and complying with applicable regulatory requirements.
Financial Operations Overview
Revenue
We have generated revenue under various licensing and collaboration agreements. We have not generated any revenue from commercial drug sales, and we do not expect to generate any further revenue unless or until we obtain regulatory approval and commercialize one or more of our current or future drug candidates. In the future, we may also seek to generate revenue from a combination of research and development payments, license fees and other upfront or milestone payments.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including our product discovery efforts and the development of our product candidates, which include, among other things:
•employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense;
•fees paid to consultants for services directly related to our drug development and regulatory efforts;
•expenses incurred under agreements with contract research organizations, as well as contract manufacturing organizations and consultants that conduct preclinical studies and clinical trials;
•costs associated with preclinical activities and development activities;
•costs associated with technology and intellectual property licenses;
•milestone payments and other costs and payments under licensing agreements, research agreements and collaboration agreements; and
•depreciation expense for assets used in research and development activities.
Costs incurred in connection with research and development activities are expensed as incurred. Costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as patient enrollment, clinical site activations or other information provided to us by our vendors.
Research and development activities are and will continue to be central to our business model. We expect our research and development expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we advance our current and future drug candidates through preclinical studies and clinical trials. The process of conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials necessary to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time-consuming. It is difficult to determine with certainty the duration and costs of any preclinical study or clinical trial that we may conduct. The duration, costs and timing of clinical trial programs and development of our current and future drug candidates will depend on a variety of factors that include, but are not limited to, the following:
•number of clinical trials required for approval and any requirement for extension trials;
•per patient trial costs;
•number of patients who participate in the clinical trials;
•number of sites included in the clinical trials;
•countries in which clinical trials are conducted;
•length of time required to enroll eligible patients;
•number of doses that patients receive;
•drop-out or discontinuation rates of patients;
•potential additional safety monitoring or other studies requested by regulatory agencies;
•duration of patient follow-up; and
•efficacy and safety profile of the drug candidates.
In addition, the probability of success for any of our current or future drug candidates will depend on numerous factors, including competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. We will determine which programs to pursue and how much to fund each program in response to the scientific and clinical success of each drug candidate, as well as an assessment of each drug candidate's commercial potential.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation expense, related to our executive, finance, legal, business development and support functions. Other general and administrative expenses include costs associated with operating as a public company, travel expenses, conferences, professional fees for auditing, tax and legal services, and facility-related costs.
Other Income (Expense), net
Other income (expense), net primarily consists of interest income and accretion of discount on investments in marketable securities, unrealized gains (losses) on long-term equity investments, changes in the fair value of the royalty monetization liability under the Ligand Agreement, and the impact of a fraudulent funds transfer.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Three Months Ended June 30, 2026 and 2025
The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the periods indicated:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Three Months Ended June 30, 2026
|
|
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
|
|
Change $
|
|
Revenue:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
License and other revenue
|
$
|
733
|
|
|
$
|
6,272
|
|
|
$
|
(5,539)
|
|
|
Total revenue
|
733
|
|
|
6,272
|
|
|
(5,539)
|
|
|
Operating expenses:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
|
9,957
|
|
|
6,465
|
|
|
3,492
|
|
|
General and administrative
|
6,474
|
|
|
4,880
|
|
|
1,594
|
|
|
Total operating expenses
|
16,431
|
|
|
11,345
|
|
|
5,086
|
|
|
Loss from operations
|
(15,698)
|
|
|
(5,073)
|
|
|
(10,625)
|
|
|
Other income (expense), net
|
689
|
|
|
389
|
|
|
300
|
|
|
Loss before provision for income taxes
|
(15,009)
|
|
|
(4,684)
|
|
|
(10,325)
|
|
|
Provision for income taxes
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
Net loss
|
$
|
(15,009)
|
|
|
$
|
(4,684)
|
|
|
$
|
(10,325)
|
|
Revenue
Revenue of $0.7 million was recognized in the three months ended June 30, 2026, compared to $6.3 million for the same period in 2025, which related to our royalty and licensing agreements with NewCo, Marinus and Immedica (see Note 10 to our condensed consolidated financial statements).
Research and Development Expenses
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Three Months Ended June 30, 2026
|
|
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
|
|
Change $
|
|
Preclinical and clinical development expenses
|
$
|
6,695
|
|
|
$
|
4,089
|
|
|
$
|
2,607
|
|
|
Payroll and payroll-related expenses
|
2,241
|
|
1,803
|
|
438
|
|
|
Other expenses
|
1,021
|
|
573
|
|
448
|
|
|
Total research and development
|
$
|
9,957
|
|
|
$
|
6,465
|
|
|
$
|
3,493
|
|
During the three months ended June 30, 2026, research and development expenses were $10.0 million, compared to $6.5 million for the same period in 2025, representing an increase of $3.5 million, which related primarily to the preclinical, regulatory, clinical supply development and clinical activity of our lead programs, OV329 and OV4071.
General and Administrative Expenses
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Three Months Ended June 30, 2026
|
|
Three Months Ended June 30, 2025
|
|
Change $
|
|
Payroll and payroll-related expenses
|
$
|
2,737
|
|
|
$
|
2,248
|
|
|
$
|
489
|
|
|
Legal and professional fees
|
2,189
|
|
1,278
|
|
911
|
|
|
General office expenses
|
1,548
|
|
1,354
|
|
194
|
|
|
Total general and administrative
|
$
|
6,474
|
|
|
$
|
4,880
|
|
|
$
|
1,594
|
|
General and administrative expenses were $6.5 million and $4.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. The increase in general and administrative expenses is primarily due to increased accounting and audit, legal, business development and other professional fees, as well as an increase in payroll and related expenses resulting from increased headcount between the three month periods as well as recognition of approximately $0.3 million of severance costs and sign-on bonuses in the three months ended June 30, 2026.
Other Income (Expense), net
Other income (expense), net, for the three months ended June 30, 2026 and 2025 were gains of $0.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively. Items reflected in other income (expense), net, in both periods were primarily interest income and accretion on U.S. treasury investments, as well as unrealized loss on adjustment to fair value of the royalty monetization liability recorded in May 2026.
Comparison of the Six Months Ended June 30, 2026 and 2025
The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the periods indicated:
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|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, 2026
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
|
|
Change $
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
|
Revenue:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
License and other revenue
|
$
|
733
|
|
|
$
|
6,402
|
|
|
$
|
(5,669)
|
|
|
Total revenue
|
733
|
|
|
6,402
|
|
|
(5,669)
|
|
|
Operating expenses:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research and development
|
21,137
|
|
|
13,123
|
|
|
8,014
|
|
|
General and administrative
|
13,138
|
|
|
10,902
|
|
|
2,236
|
|
|
Total operating expenses
|
34,275
|
|
|
24,025
|
|
|
10,250
|
|
|
Loss from operations
|
(33,542)
|
|
|
(17,623)
|
|
|
(15,919)
|
|
|
Other income (expense), net
|
1,546
|
|
|
2,704
|
|
|
(1,158)
|
|
|
Loss before provision for income taxes
|
(31,996)
|
|
|
(14,919)
|
|
|
(17,077)
|
|
|
Provision for income taxes
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
Net loss
|
$
|
(31,996)
|
|
|
$
|
(14,919)
|
|
|
$
|
(17,077)
|
|
Revenue
Revenue of $0.7 million was generated in the six months ended June 30, 2026, compared to revenue of $6.4 million recognized for the same period in 2025, which related to our royalty and licensing agreements with NewCo, Marinus and Immedica (see Note 10 to our condensed consolidated financial statements).
Research and Development Expenses
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, 2026
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
|
|
Change $
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
|
Preclinical and clinical development expenses
|
$
|
15,480
|
|
|
$
|
8,333
|
|
|
$
|
7,147
|
|
|
Payroll and payroll-related expenses
|
4,165
|
|
3,639
|
|
526
|
|
|
Other expenses
|
1,492
|
|
1,151
|
|
341
|
|
|
Total research and development
|
$
|
21,137
|
|
|
$
|
13,123
|
|
|
$
|
8,014
|
|
During the six months ended June 30, 2026, research and development expenses were $21.1 million compared to $13.1 million for the same period in 2025. The increase of $8.0 million was primarily due to preclinical, regulatory, clinical supply and clinical costs incurred in advancing lead programs OV329 and OV4071.
General and Administrative Expenses
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, 2026
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
|
|
Change $
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
|
Payroll and payroll-related expenses
|
$
|
4,852
|
|
|
$
|
5,378
|
|
|
$
|
(526)
|
|
|
Legal and professional fees
|
4,960
|
|
2,729
|
|
2,231
|
|
|
General office expenses
|
3,326
|
|
2,795
|
|
531
|
|
|
Total general and administrative
|
$
|
13,138
|
|
|
$
|
10,902
|
|
|
$
|
2,236
|
|
General and administrative expenses were $13.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026 compared to $10.9 million for the same period in 2025. The increase of $2.2 million was primarily due to legal and professional fees, offset by reduced average headcount between the periods.
Other Income (Expense), net
Other income (expense), net for the six months ended June 30, 2026 was $1.5 million compared to $2.7 million for the same period in 2025, both of which consist primarily of interest and accretion income on marketable securities, offset by unrealized loss on adjustment to fair value of the royalty monetization liability for the six months ended June 30, 2026.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Overview
As of June 30, 2026, we had total cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities of $169.8 million. We believe that our cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities as of June 30, 2026 will be sufficient to fund our current operating plans through at least the next 12 months from the issuance of the financial statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Similar to other development-stage biotechnology companies, we have generated limited revenue. We have incurred losses and experienced negative operating cash flows in most periods since our inception. We recorded net losses of $32.0 million and $14.9 million, respectively, during the six month periods ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, had an accumulated deficit of $353.7 million and working capital of $113.6 million as of June 30, 2026, and expect to incur losses for at least the next several years.
2025 Private Placement
In October 2025, we issued and sold an aggregate of (i) 57,722 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock, (ii) Series A warrants to purchase up to 38,481,325 shares of our common stock and/or pre-funded warrants and (iii) Series B warrants to purchase up to 28,861,000 shares of common stock and/or pre-funded warrants in a private placement (the "2025 Private Placement"). We received initial net proceeds of $75.1 million from the 2025 Private Placement, after deducting placement agent fees and offering expenses. The Series A warrants and Series B warrants each have an exercise price of $1.40 per share. Pursuant to their terms, all Series A warrants were exercised in full prior to their expiration on April 17, 2026, resulting in the receipt of $50.6 million of additional proceeds, net of expenses.
We may further receive up to $40.0 million in additional gross proceeds assuming the exercise in full of the Series B warrants. In the event that the closing price of our common stock equals or exceeds 300% of the exercise price (subject to customary adjustments) for 20 of any 30 consecutive trading days, we may elect to require exercise of the Series B warrants for cash. The Series B warrants are exercisable and expire on October 6, 2030.
At-the-Market Offering Program
In November 2023, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (Registration No. 333-275307) that allows us to sell up to an aggregate of $250.0 million of our common stock, preferred stock, convertible debt securities and/or warrants, which includes a prospectus covering the issuance and sale of up to $75.0 million of common stock pursuant to our at-the-market ("ATM") program. During the six months ended June 30, 2026, we sold 1,500,000 shares through the ATM program for net proceeds of approximately $2.4 million, after deducting sales agent fees and other offering expenses. As of June 30, 2026, the Company had $72.6 million available under its ATM program. On July 23, 2026, we sold 3.5 million shares of common stock through the ATM program at a per share price of $2.38, resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $8.3 million. After the July 2026 sale, we had approximately $64.3 million available under our ATM program.
Future Funding Requirements
We expect our expenses to continue to increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we conduct clinical trials of, and seek marketing approval for, our product candidates and advance our other programs. Our primary uses of capital are, and we expect will continue to be, compensation and related expenses, third-party clinical research and development services, clinical trial costs, legal and other regulatory expenses and general overhead costs. We have based our estimates on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect, and we could use our capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Additionally, the process of testing drug candidates in clinical trials is costly, and the timing of progress in these trials is uncertain. We cannot estimate the actual amounts necessary to successfully complete the development and commercialization of our product candidates or whether, or when, we may achieve profitability.
As of June 30, 2026, we had no long-term debt and no material non-cancelable purchase commitments with service providers, as we have generally contracted on a cancellable, purchase order basis. We cannot estimate whether we will receive or the timing of any potential contingent payments upon the achievement by us of clinical, regulatory and commercial events, as applicable. In addition, we cannot estimate the timing of any potential royalty payments that we may be required to make under license agreements we have entered into with various entities pursuant to which we have in-licensed certain intellectual property as contractual obligations or commitments, including agreements with AstraZeneca and Northwestern. Pursuant to these license agreements, we have agreed to make milestone payments up to an aggregate of $279.3 million upon the achievement of certain development, regulatory and sales milestones. We excluded these contingent payments from the condensed consolidated financial statements, given that the timing, probability, and amount, if any, of such payments cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.
In September 2021, we entered into a 10-year lease agreement for our corporate headquarters in New York, New York. The lease provides for monthly rental payments over the lease term. The base rent under the lease is currently $2.3 million per year. Payment obligations under the lease agreement include $2.3 million in the 12 months subsequent to June 30, 2026 and $15.8 million over the remaining term of the agreement. For additional information see Note 5 to our condensed consolidated financial statements under the heading "Leases."
We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings and additional funding from license and collaboration arrangements. Except for any obligations of our collaborators to reimburse us for research and development expenses or to make milestone or royalty payments under our agreements with them, we will not have any committed external source of liquidity. To the extent that we raise additional capital through future equity offerings or debt financings, ownership interests may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt and equity financings, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. There can be no assurance that such financings will be obtained on terms acceptable to us, if at all.
Additionally, while the long-term economic impact of global geopolitical tensions is difficult to assess or predict, such events have caused significant disruptions to the global financial markets and contributed to a general global economic slowdown. Furthermore, inflation rates have increased recently to levels not seen in decades, which may also be impacted by the implementation of tariffs by the United States and other countries. Moreover, there is great uncertainty with respect to potential changes in trade regulations, tariffs, sanctions and export controls which also increase volatility in
the global economy. In addition, the U.S. Federal Reserve has raised interest rates in the past in response to concerns about inflation. Relatively high interest rates and fluctuations in inflation, especially if coupled with a significant change in government spending and volatility in financial markets, may further increase economic uncertainty and heighten these risks. If the disruptions and slowdown deepen or persist, we may not be able to access additional capital on favorable terms, or at all, which could in the future negatively affect our ability to pursue our business strategy.
If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing agreements with third parties for one or more of our current or future drug candidates, we may be required to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or drug candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy. We may be required to take additional actions beyond cost reduction measures initiated to address our liquidity needs, including exploring other strategic options, reduce operating expenses or delaying, reducing the scope of, discontinuing or altering our research and development activities. See "Risk Factors" for additional risks associated with our capital requirements.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(in thousands)
|
Six Months Ended June 30, 2026
|
|
Six Months Ended June 30, 2025
|
|
Net cash (used in) provided by:
|
|
|
|
|
Operating activities
|
$
|
(31,493)
|
|
|
$
|
(15,054)
|
|
|
Investing activities
|
(80,790)
|
|
|
17,155
|
|
|
Financing activities
|
110,583
|
|
|
13
|
|
|
Effect of exchange rates on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
|
(126)
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
|
$
|
(1,826)
|
|
|
$
|
2,114
|
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Net Cash Used In Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities was $31.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, which consisted primarily of net loss of $32.0 million offset by $2.5 million of noncash stock-based compensation expense. Net cash used in operating activities was $15.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2025, which primarily consisted of net loss of $14.9 million, offset by netting effects of changes in accounts payable and accrued expenses and noncash stock-based compensation expense.
Net Cash (Used In) Provided By Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $80.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2026, and net cash provided by investing activities was $17.2 million for the same period in 2025, both of which were due to activity between purchases and sales/maturity of marketable securities during the periods.
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities during the six months ended June 30, 2026 resulted primarily from the 2026 Private Placement, exercises of Series A Warrants and the sale of common stock under our ATM program. For the same period in 2025, cash provided from financing activities resulted solely from proceeds from the exercise of stock options and purchases under the employee stock purchase plan.
Smaller Reporting Company Status
We are a smaller reporting company as defined in the Exchange Act. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies and will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as (i) our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250.0 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter or (ii) our annual revenue is less than $100.0 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700.0 million measured on the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter.
As a smaller reporting company, we may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, we may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K and, similar to emerging growth companies, smaller reporting companies have reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the revenue and expenses incurred during the reported periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not apparent from other sources. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results for the period in which they become known. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Our critical accounting policies are described in greater detail in Note 2 to our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
During the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2026, there were no material changes to our critical accounting policies as reported for the year ended December 31, 2025 as part of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, which was filed with the SEC on March 18, 2026. In addition, see Note 2 of our condensed consolidated financial statements under the heading "Recent Accounting Pronouncements" for new accounting pronouncements or changes to the accounting pronouncements during the three and six months ended June 30, 2026.