Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2024 (Form 10-K)

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and the notes to those statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, including but not limited to those set forth under "Risk Factors," our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements. See "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements."

Overview

Tenon Medical, Inc., a medical device company formed in 2012, has developed a proprietary, U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") approved surgical implant-system, which we call The Catamaran™ SI Joint Fusion System ("The Catamaran System"). The Catamaran System offers a novel, less invasive inferior-posterior approach to the sacroiliac joint ("SI Joint") using a single, robust titanium implant to treat SI Joint dysfunction that often causes severe lower back pain. The system features the Catamaran™ Fixation Device which passes through both the axial and sagittal planes of the ilium and sacrum, transfixing the SI Joint along its longitudinal axis. Published clinical studies have shown that 15% to 30% of all chronic lower back pain is associated with the SI Joint.

With an entry similar to the SI Joint injection, the surgical approach is direct to the joint. The angle and trajectory of the inferior-posterior approach is designed to point away from critical neural and vascular structures and into the strongest cortical bone. Joined by a patented osteotome bridge, the implant design consists of two hollow fenestrated pontoons with an open framework to facilitate bony in-growth through the SI Joint. One pontoon fixates into the ilium and the other into the sacrum. The osteotome is designed to disrupt the articular portion of the joint to help facilitate a fusion response.

Our initial clinical results indicate that the Catamaran System implant is promoting fusion across the joint as evidenced by computerized tomography (CT) scans which is the gold standard widely accepted by the clinical community. We had our national launch of The Catamaran System in October 2022 and are building a sales and marketing infrastructure to market our product and address the greatly underserved market opportunity that exists.

We believe that the implant design and procedure we have developed, along with the 2D and 3D protocols for proper implantation will be received well by the clinician community who have been looking for a next generation device.

We have incurred net losses since our inception in 2012. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $68.7 million. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through public equity offerings, private placements of equity securities, certain debt-related financing arrangements, and sales of our product. We have devoted substantially all of our resources to research and development, regulatory matters and sales and marketing of our product.

Reverse Stock Splits

On November 2, 2023, we effected a 1-for-10 reverse stock split (the "2023 Reverse Stock Split") by filing an amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, with the Delaware Secretary of State. The 2023 Reverse Stock Split combined every ten shares of our common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to effecting the 2023 Reverse Stock Split into one share of common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the 2023 Reverse Stock Split.

On September 6, 2024, we effected a 1-for-8 reverse stock split (the "2024 Reverse Stock Split") by filing an amendment to the our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, as amended, with the Delaware Secretary of State. The 2024 Reverse Stock Split combined every eight shares of our common stock issued and outstanding immediately prior to effecting the 2024 Reverse Stock Split into one share of common stock. No fractional shares were issued in connection with the 2024 Reverse Stock Split.

All historical share and per share amounts reflected throughout this document have been adjusted to reflect the 2023 Reverse Stock Split and the 2024 Reverse Stock Split. The authorized number of shares and the par value per share of our common stock were not affected by the 2023 Reverse Stock Split or the 2024 Reverse Stock Split.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management's discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our audited consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported results of operations during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that the accounting policies discussed below are those that are most critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management's judgments and estimates. For more detail on our critical accounting policies, see Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue is derived from the sale of our products to medical groups and hospitals in the United States. Revenue is recognized when control is transferred to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for the goods or services, using the following five step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied.

We generate our revenue from the sale of products to hospitals or medical facilities where our products are delivered in advance of a procedure. The performance obligation is the delivery of the products along with the completion of the surgery and therefore, revenue is recognized upon delivery to the customers and completion of the surgery, net of rebates and price discounts. We account for rebates and price discounts as a reduction to revenue. Sales prices are specified prior to the transfer of control to the customer, via either the customer contract, agreed price list, purchase order, or written communication with the customer. For direct sales to end-user customers, our standard payment terms are generally net 30 days.

We offer our standard warranty to all customers. We do not sell any warranties on a standalone basis. Our warranty provides that our products are free of material defects and conform to specifications, and includes an offer to replace or refund the purchase price of defective products. This assurance does not constitute a service and is not considered a separate performance obligation. We estimate warranty liabilities at the time of revenue recognition and record them as a charge to cost of goods sold.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for all stock-based compensation awards using a fair-value method on the grant date and recognize the fair value of each award as an expense over the requisite service period.

We recognize compensation costs related to stock-based awards granted to employees, directors, and consultants, including restricted stock units and stock options, based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. For restricted stock units, we estimate grant date fair value based on the closing market price on the date of grant. For stock options, we estimate the grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The grant date fair value of the stock-based awards is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective awards.

The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of subjective assumptions to determine the fair value of stock-based awards. These assumptions include:

Expected Term-The expected term represents the period that stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The expected term for option grants is determined using the simplified method. The simplified method deems the expected term to be the midpoint between the vesting date and the contractual life of the stock-based awards.

Expected Volatility-Since we have only been publicly held since April 2022 and do not have any trading history for our common stock, the expected volatility was estimated based on the average volatility for comparable publicly traded companies over a period equal to the expected term of the stock option grants. The comparable companies were chosen based on their similar size, stage in the life cycle, or area of specialty.

Risk-Free Interest Rate-The risk-free interest rate is based on the U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of option.

Expected Dividend-We have never paid dividends on our common stock and have no plans to pay dividends on our common stock. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.

We account for forfeitures as they occur.

Our board of directors intends all options granted to be exercisable at a price per share not less than the per share fair value of our common stock underlying those options on the date of grant.

Common Stock Warrants

We account for warrants for shares of common stock as equity or liabilities in accordance with the accounting guidance for derivatives. The accounting guidance provides a scope exception from classifying and measuring as a financial liability a contract that would otherwise meet the definition of a derivative if the contract is both (i) indexed to the entity's own stock and (ii) classified in the stockholders' deficit section of the consolidated balance sheet. We estimate the fair value of our warrants for shares of common stock by using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Warrants classified as equity are recorded as additional paid-in capital on the consolidated balance sheet and no further adjustments to their valuation are made after the issuance of the warrants.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

We derive substantially all our revenue from sales of The Catamaran System to a limited number of clinicians. Revenue from sales of The Catamaran System fluctuates based on volume of cases (procedures performed), discounts, rebates, and the number of implants used for a particular patient. Similar to other orthopedic companies, our revenue can also fluctuate from quarter to quarter due to a variety of factors, including reimbursement, changes in independent sales representatives and physician activities.

Cost of Goods Sold, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin

We utilize contract manufacturers for production of The Catamaran System implants and Catamaran Tray Sets. Cost of goods sold consists primarily of costs of the components of The Catamaran System implants and instruments, overhead related to operation personnel and facility costs, quality inspection, packaging, scrap and inventory obsolescence, as well as distribution-related expenses such as logistics and shipping costs. We anticipate that certain of our cost of goods sold will increase in absolute dollars as case levels increase.

Our gross margins have been and will continue to be affected by a variety of factors, including the cost to have our product manufactured for us, pricing pressure from increasing competition, and the factors described above impacting our revenue.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative expenses. Personnel costs are the most significant component of operating expenses and consist of consulting expenses, salaries, sales commissions and other cash and stock-based compensation related expenses. We expect operating expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest and grow our business.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses primarily consist of salaries, commissions, stock-based compensation expense and travel and entertainment expenses of our sales and market personnel along with commissions paid to our independent distributors. We expect our sales and marketing expenses to increase in absolute dollars with the increased sales of The Catamaran System resulting in higher commissions and salaries, increased clinician and sales representative training, and the cost to complete our clinical study to gain wider clinician adoption of The Catamaran System. Our sales and marketing expenses may fluctuate from period to period due to the timing of sales and marketing activities related to the commercial activity of our product.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses primarily consist of engineering, product development, regulatory expenses, and consulting services, outside prototyping services, outside research activities, materials, and other costs associated with the development and refinement of our product. Research and development expenses also include related personnel and consultants' compensation and stock-based compensation expense. We expense research and development costs as they are incurred. We expect research and development expense to increase in absolute dollars as we improve The Catamaran System, develop new products, add research and development personnel, and undergo clinical activities that may be required for regulatory clearances of future products.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of salaries, consultants' compensation, stock-based compensation expense, and other costs for finance, accounting, legal, compliance, and administrative matters. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we add personnel and information technology infrastructure to support the growth of our business. We also expect to incur additional general and administrative expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including but not limited to: expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and those of The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC on which our securities are traded; additional insurance expenses; investor relations activities; and other administrative and professional services. While we expect the general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars, we anticipate that it will decrease as a percentage of revenue over time.

Gain (Loss) on Investments

Gain (loss) on investments consists of interest income and realized gains and losses from the sale of our investments in money market and corporate debt securities.

Interest Expense

Interest expense is related to borrowings and includes deemed interest derived from the beneficial conversion prices of notes payable.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income and expenses have not been significant to date.

Results of Operations (in thousands, except percentages)

		Years Ended December 31,
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data in Dollars:		2024				2023
Revenue		$	3,277			$	2,928
Cost of goods sold			1,566				1,687
Gross profit			1,711				1,241
Operating expenses:
Research and development			2,603				3,163
Sales and marketing			5,109				6,778
General and administrative			7,765				7,027
Total operating expenses			15,477				16,968
Loss from operations			(13,766	)			(15,727	)
Interest and other income (expense), net:
Gain on investments			183				167
Interest expense			(34	)			(21	)
Other expense			(56	)			-
Net loss		$	(13,673	)		$	(15,581	)

		Years Ended December 31,
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data as a Percent of Revenue:		2024				2023
Revenue			100	%			100	%
Cost of goods sold			48				58
Gross profit			52				42
Operating expenses:
Research and development			79				108
Sales and marketing			156				231
General and administrative			237				240
Total operating expenses			472				580
Loss from operations			(420	)			(537	)
Interest and other income (expense), net:
Gain on investments			6				6
Interest expense			(1	)			(1	)
Other expense			(2	)			-
Net loss			(417	)%			(532	)%

Comparison of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands, except percentages)

Revenue, Cost of Goods Sold, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin

		Years Ended December 31,
		2024				2023				$ Change				% Change
Revenue		$	3,277			$	2,928			$	349				12	%
Cost of goods sold			1,566				1,687				(121	)			(7	)%
Gross profit		$	1,711			$	1,241			$	470				38	%
Gross profit percentage			52	%			42	%

Revenue. The increase in revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023 was primarily due to an increase in revenue per surgical procedure on a 0% change in the number of surgical procedures in which The Catamaran System was used.

Cost of Goods Sold, Gross Profit, and Gross Margin. The change in cost of goods sold for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023 was due to the absorption of production overhead costs into our standard cost and operating leverage created due to lower relative fixed costs.

Operating Expenses

		Years Ended December 31,
		2024				2023				$ Change				% Change
Research and development		$	2,603			$	3,163			$	(560	)			(18	)%
Sales and marketing			5,109				6,778				(1,669	)			(25	)%
General and administrative			7,765				7,027				738				11	%
Total operating expenses		$	15,477			$	16,968			$	(1,491	)			(9	)%

Research and Development Expenses. Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased as compared to 2023 primarily due to decreased professional fees ($528), stock-based compensation ($73) and payroll expenses ($39) as we move our focus from research to sustaining our Catamaran portfolio.

Sales and Marketing Expenses. Sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased as compared to 2023 primarily due to SpineSource transition fees in 2023 ($932), decreased payroll and employee expenses ($499), and consulting and professional fees ($178), partially offset by increased commission expense ($21) due to restructuring of our sales operations.

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased as compared to 2023 primarily due to increased insurance costs ($331), legal and professional service fees ($289), payroll and employee expenses ($146), and bad debt expense ($41), partially offset by decreases in stock-based compensation ($147) due to continued operating expenses.

Gain on Investments, Interest Expense and Other Expense, Net

		Years Ended December 31,
		2024				2023				$ Change				% Change
Gain on investments		$	183			$	167			$	16				10	%
Interest expense			(34	)			(21	)			(13	)			62	%
Other expense, net			(56	)			-				(56	)
Total operating expenses		$	93			$	146			$	(53	)

Gain on Investments. Gain on investments for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased as compared to 2023 due to interest on our higher amounts of investments in money market and corporate debt securities.

Interest Expense. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 increased as compared to 2023 primarily due to the convertible debt.

Other Expense, Net. Other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2024 was related to foreign exchange losses on the liquidation of our Swiss subsidiary.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $6.5 million. Since inception, we have financed our operations through private placements of preferred stock, debt financing arrangements, our initial public offering, additional stock offerings and the sale of our products. As of December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding debt.

In March 2025, we raised net proceeds of $2.7 million from the exercise of warrants under an inducement agreement. Under the inducement agreement, the holder of the existing warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,445,700 agreed to exercise the warrants at a reduced exercise price of $1.25 per share in consideration for our agreement to issue new unregistered five-year warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,445,700 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.25 per share and new unregistered three-year warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,222,850 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.25 per share.

On March 25, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement for the issuance of 733,500 shares of our common stock (or common stock equivalents in lieu thereof) in a registered direct offering at a purchase price of $2.00 per share. In a concurrent private placement, we also agreed to issue to the same investor warrants to purchase up to 733,500 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $2.00 per share, which will be exercisable immediately, and will expire five years following the date of issuance. Pursuant to the agreements, we received proceeds, net of financial advisor fees and other transaction expenses, of $1,234.

Also on March 25, 2025, we entered into a securities purchase agreement for the issuance of 1,271,500 shares of our common stock (or common stock equivalents in lieu thereof) in a registered direct offering at a purchase price of $2.00 per share. In a concurrent private placement, we also agreed to issue to the same investor warrants to purchase up to 1,271,500 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $2.00 per share, which will be exercisable immediately, and will expire five years following the date of issuance. Pursuant to the agreements, we received proceeds, net of financial advisor fees and other transaction expenses, of $2,290.

As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $68.7 million and we expect to incur additional losses in the future. We have not achieved positive cash flow from operations to date. Based upon our current operating plan, our existing cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to fund our operating expenses and working capital requirements through at least the next 12 months from the date these consolidated financial statements were available to be released. We plan to raise the necessary additional capital through one or a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, and collaborations. We continue to face challenges and uncertainties and, as a result, our available capital resources may be consumed more rapidly than currently expected due to (a) the uncertainty of future revenues from The Catamaran System; (b) changes we may make to the business that affect ongoing operating expenses; (c) changes we may make in our business strategy; (d) regulatory developments affecting our existing products; (e) changes we may make in our research and development spending plans; and (f) other items affecting our forecasted level of expenditures and use of cash resources.

As we attempt to raise additional capital to fund our operations, funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing when needed, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of or suspend one or more of our sales and marketing efforts, research and development activities, or other operations. We may seek to raise any necessary additional capital through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, and collaborations. If we do raise additional capital through public or private equity offerings, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our stockholders' rights. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends. If we are unable to raise capital, we will need to delay, reduce, or terminate planned activities to reduce costs. Doing so will likely harm our ability to execute our business plans. Due to the uncertainty in our ability to raise capital, management believes that there is substantial doubt in our ability to continue as a going concern for the next twelve months from the issuance of these consolidated financial statements.

Cash Flows (in thousands, except percentages)

The following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented below:

		Years Ended December 31,
		2024				2023				$ Change				% Change
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities		$	(9,878	)		$	(12,183	)		$	2,305				19	%
Investing activities			(186	)			6,142				(6,328	)			(103	)%
Financing activities			14,125				6,302				7,823				124	%
Effect of foreign currency translation on cash flow			46				38				8				21	%
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		$	4,107			$	299			$	3,808				1274	%

The decrease in net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to 2023 was primarily attributable to our decreased net loss ($1,908) and decreased prepaid expenses ($484) and increased depreciation and amortization ($209), partially offset increases in accounts receivable ($96) and decreases in non-cash stock-based compensation expenses ($300).

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 related to purchases of property and equipment ($186). Cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted primarily of the net sales of short-term investments ($6,503) to fund operations, partially offset by purchases of property and equipment ($361) as we acquired the components for our surgical tray sets.

Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted primarily of net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants ($3,846), the exercise of warrants under the inducement agreement ($4,306), the issuance of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock ($2,567) and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock ($489) and from issuances of common stock ($2,105). Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted of the net proceeds received from our offerings of stock in 2023 ($5,303) in addition to proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible Notes ($1,250).

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we did not have any relationships with unconsolidated organizations or financial partnerships, such as structured finance or special purpose entities that would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.