Paid Tax Return Preparers: Opportunities Remain to Improve IRS Oversight

What GAO Found

Paid preparers have differing levels of skills, education, and expertise. Tax practitioners include enrolled agents, certified public accountants, attorneys, and other individuals who possess some level of qualification or credentials issued by either Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or states. All other paid preparers without professional credentials are considered unenrolled preparers. While all paid preparers are required to have and use a Preparer Tax Identification Number (PTIN) and are subject to various requirements in the Internal Revenue Code, IRS only has the authority to regulate the practice of tax practitioners. Generally, unenrolled preparers are not subject to IRS regulation, including testing and education requirements.

Number and Type of Credentials Held by Paid Preparers for 2025

In prior work, GAO found that paid preparers can make serious errors on the tax returns they prepare. In addition, GAO's prior work indicates that unenrolled preparers can make errors at a higher rate than taxpayers who prepare their own returns or who use other categories of paid preparers. When paid preparers make errors, taxpayers may overpay and lose out on tax benefits. Alternatively, when preparers understate tax liabilities, taxpayers may be subject to penalties and the government may collect less revenue.

GAO has previously reported that IRS uses various tools, including outreach and education, civil and criminal investigations, and penalties to oversee all paid preparers and bring them into compliance. For example,

• IRS's Refundable Credits Return Preparer Strategy program identifies preparers who were potentially noncompliant with due diligence requirements and encourages them to comply. Actions IRS may take range from issuing warning letters and phone calls to preparers to more serious actions such as audits of preparers' clients and IRS staff visits to preparers.
• IRS conducts civil and criminal investigations of abusive tax schemes, including those involving paid preparers.
• Paid preparers may be subject to penalties for noncompliance with certain requirements in the Internal Revenue Code.

Why GAO Did This Study

During fiscal year 2024, more than half of all individual taxpayers used a paid preparer, according to IRS data. Paid preparer errors can lead to billions of dollars in improper claims of refundable tax credits and can have negative consequences for individual taxpayers.

GAO was asked to examine IRS's ability to oversee preparers. This report describes what GAO and other IRS oversight groups have previously reported on IRS's oversight of paid preparers and recommended to improve its efforts.

GAO reviewed the Internal Revenue Code, relevant regulations and case law, information on paid preparer credentials, GAO's previous issued work on paid preparer topics, and reports by other IRS oversight groups. Additionally, GAO analyzed data on numbers of preparers with a current PTIN and interviewed IRS officials.