Quarterly Report for Quarter Ending September 30, 2025 (Form 10-Q)

Management's Discussion and Analysis ofFinancial Condition and Results of Operations

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION AND OVERVIEW

With more than a century of water technology innovation, Badger Meter is a global provider of industry leading water management solutions, with approximately 95% of net sales derived from water-related applications. The Badger Meter offerings, marketed as BlueEdgeTM, are comprised of a suite of tailorable solutions that connect water management technology, software, and support services to deliver insights enabling the proactive management of water across the water cycle. These tailorable solutions encompass measurement and control hardware, connectivity and communication, data visualization and software-delivered actionable insights as well as ongoing support and expertise essential to optimize customers' operations and contribute to the sustainable use and protection of the world's most precious resource.

The Company's measurement and control hardware, instruments and sensors are primarily comprised of the following product families:

The Company's broad range of communication solutions include the ORION® branded family of radio endpoints, along with remote telemetry units providing customers with a choice of industry-leading options for communicating data from hardware into use-specific software applications.

The Company's hardware-enabled software provides the insights and analytics critical to the holistic management of our customers' water systems. These digital solutions increase visibility, empowering customers to monitor system performance and make decisions aiding efficiency, resiliency, and sustainability.

The Company also provides training, project management, technical support and other collaborative services for customers. This support is becoming increasingly critical as customers strive to extract maximum value from their technology investments while managing through workforce demographic changes, among other operating challenges.

The Company's solutions fall into two product lines: utility water product line, which includes sales of meters, water quality and sewer monitoring sensors and other hardware, communication, and software and related technologies, to water utilities and flow instrumentation, which includes sales of meters, other sensing instruments, valves, software and other solutions to commercial and industrial customers, including water related applications.

Utility Water Product Line (approximately 88% of Net Sales in 2024)

Utility water smart metering solutions are comprised of water meters along with the connected radio endpoints and software technologies and services used by water utilities as the basis for generating their water and wastewater revenues, enabling operating efficiencies and engaging with their end consumers. This product line further comprises other instruments and sensors used in the water distribution and collection systems to ensure the safe and efficient delivery and return of water. These sensors are used to detect leaks, monitor various water quality parameters throughout the distribution system and treatment process, and monitor, detect and prevent sewer overflow spills. The largest geographic market in which the Company operates is North America, primarily the United States.

Utility water meters (both residential and commercial sizes) are generally classified as either manually read meters or remotely read meters via radio technology. A manually read meter consists of a water meter and a register that provides a visual totalized meter reading. Meters equipped with radio technology (endpoints) receive flow measurement data from battery-powered encoder registers attached to the water meter, which is encrypted and transmitted via radio frequency to a receiver that collects and formats the data appropriately for water utility usage and billing systems. These remotely read systems are classified as either automatic meter reading (AMR) systems, where a vehicle equipped for meter reading purposes

collects the data from the utilities' meters, or advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) systems, where data is gathered utilizing a network (either fixed or cellular) of data collectors or gateway receivers that are able to receive radio data transmission from the utilities' meters. Among other benefits, AMI systems eliminate the need for utility personnel to drive through service territories to collect data from the meters and provide utilities with more frequent and diverse data from their meters at specified intervals.

The ORION® family of endpoints offers water utilities a choice of industry-leading options for communicating meter reading and event data. ORION Cellular endpoints power our Network as a Service (NaaS) approach to AMI, eliminating the need for the utility to install and maintain infrastructure, enabling rapid or gradual deployment, and enhancing network reliability. ORION mobile read endpoints support customers looking to deploy an AMR solution.

Information, analytics and visualization are critical to the smart water ecosystem. The Company's BEACON® Software as a Service (SaaS), amongst others, improves utility visibility to their water and water usage. BEACON is a secure, cloud-hosted software suite that includes a customizable dashboard and has the ability to establish alerts for specific conditions. It also enables the deployment of consumer engagement tools that permit end water users (such as homeowners) to view and manage their water usage activity. Benefits to the utility include improved customer service, increased visibility through faster leak detection, the ability to promote and quantify the effects of its water conservation efforts, and easier compliance reporting.

Water meter replacement and the adoption and deployment of new technologies comprise the majority of smart water product sales, including radio products. To a much lesser extent, housing starts also contribute to sales annually. The industry continues to undergo a conversion from manually read water meters to meters with radio technology, and for AMR systems to be upgraded to digital AMI solutions. The Company estimates that approximately 40% of water meters installed in the United States have been converted to AMI systems.

In addition, the Company provides various other hardware, instruments and sensors, and related software, to enhance the scope and breadth of connected data valuable to a water utility's operation. This includes water quality monitoring solutions utilizing optical sensors and electrochemical instruments that measure a variety of parameters including turbidity, pH, chlorine, nitrates and approximately 40 others. Utilizing these solutions, water quality can be monitored continually or periodically throughout the network from its original source to the point in which it is recycled and returned. Real-time water quality parameters enhance the scope of actionable data for water utilities to improve operational security, awareness and efficiency. It also includes high frequency pressure and leak detection sensors that provide real-time alarms and event location triangulation to aid operators in responding to burst pipe and other leak events quickly, reducing water loss and system downtime. Additional solutions include sewer and lift station monitoring sensors to measure sewer and hydrogen sulfide levels. This information is provided in real time, allowing utilities to initiate actions to prevent sewer overflows, reduce sewer odor and optimize cleanings, while managing resources and costs. The data and insights collected from these additional operational sensors are often conveyed by cellular or satellite networks and can be leveraged alongside of the metering data within BEACON to unlock powerful insights about the operations of a customer's distribution and collection network.

The Company's net sales and corresponding net earnings depend on unit volume and product mix, with the Company generally earning higher average selling prices and margins on meters coupled with radio technology, software, water quality monitoring and on ultrasonic compared to mechanical meters.

Flow Instrumentation Product Line (approximately 12% of Net Sales in 2024)

The flow instrumentation product line primarily serves water applications throughout the broader industrial market, with both standard and customized solutions. This product line includes meters, valves and other sensing instruments sold worldwide to measure and control the quantity of fluids, including water, air, steam, and other liquids and gases. These products, oftentimes leveraging the same technologies used in utility water, are used in a variety of industries and applications, with the Company's primary market focus being water/wastewater, heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) and corporate sustainability. Flow instrumentation products are generally sold through manufacturers' representatives and original equipment manufacturers as the primary flow measurement device within a product or system. Specialized communication protocols that control the entire flow measurement process and mandatory certifications drive these markets.

The industries served by the Company's flow instrumentation products face accelerating demands to contain costs, reduce product variability, and meet ever-changing safety, regulatory and sustainability requirements. These demands heighten the focus on application-specific solutions provided by the Company for flow instrumentation and water quality monitoring in wastewater treatment, industrial process, building automation and precision engineering applications where flow measurement, quality and control are critical.

Long-Term Business Trends

Significant infrastructure investment needs, aging workforce, increasing regulations and a focus on climate-change and sustainability are driving companies and utilities to better manage critical resources like water across the globe. Some customers measure fluids to identify leaks and/or misappropriation for cost control or add measurement points to automate manufacturing. Other customers employ measurement to comply with government mandates and laws including those associated with process and discharge water quality monitoring. The Company provides flow measurement technology critical to providing baseline usage data and to quantify reductions as customers attempt to reduce consumption. For example, once water usage metrics are better understood, a strategy for water-use reduction can be developed with specific water-reduction initiatives targeted to those areas where it is most viable. With the Company's technology, customers have found costly leaks, pinpointed equipment in need of repair, and identified areas for process improvements.

Increasingly, customers in the utility water market are interested in more frequent and diverse data collection and the use of water metering, pressure and quality analytics to evaluate water distribution activity. Specifically, AMI technology enables water utilities to capture readings from each meter at more frequent and variable intervals. There are more than 50,000 water utilities in the United States and the Company estimates that approximately 40% of their respective connections have converted to an AMI radio solution. The Company believes it is well positioned to meet the continuing conversion trends to AMI with its comprehensive radio and software solutions.

In addition, certain water utilities are converting from mechanical to static meters. Ultrasonic water metering maintains a high level of measurement accuracy over the life of the meter, reducing a utility's non-revenue water. The Company has over a decade of proven reliability in the market with its ultrasonic meters.

As noted above, customers are increasingly looking for more frequent and diverse data to holistically manage their water networks. As a leading provider of water quality, pressure management, sewer line and lift station monitoring solutions, we are able to meet these needs and enhance the scope of actionable data for customers to measure, conserve and protect water.

Our BlueEdge tailorable smart water solutions provide actionable information through data analytics derived from an interconnected and interoperable network of sensors and devices that enable people and organizations to efficiently use and conserve water. Badger Meter is well positioned to benefit from the adoption of smart water solutions. Our strong relationships with telecommunication providers such as AT&T and Verizon (among others) keep us abreast of emerging cellular technology changes to provide the premier infrastructure-free AMI solution.

Acquisitions

Effective January 30, 2025, the Company acquired 100% of the outstanding stock of Hadronex, Inc., a Delaware Corporation d/b/a SmartCover® Systems ("SmartCover"), headquartered in Escondido, California. SmartCover is a provider of sewer line and lift station monitoring solutions.

The total purchase consideration for SmartCover, net of cash acquired, was $184.0 million, following the net working capital adjustment of $0.9 million. The Company's allocation of the purchase price at September 30, 2025 included $6.7 million of receivables, $4.6 million of inventories, $4.8 million of other assets, $85.6 million of intangible assets and $119.8 million of goodwill that is not deductible for tax purposes. The intangible assets acquired are primarily developed technology, customer relationships and trademarks with estimated average useful lives of 12 to 20 years. The Company also assumed $1.6 million of payables, $19.7 million of net deferred income tax liabilities, $12.2 million of deferred revenue and $4.0 million of other liabilities as part of the acquisition. The preliminary allocation of the purchase price to the assets acquired was based upon the estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. As of September 30, 2025, the Company had not completed its analysis for estimating the fair value of the assets acquired. Revenue associated with SmartCover for the eight months ended September 30, 2025 was $27.8 million. SmartCover is reported within the utility water product line and the Company will continue to operate under a single segment.

Effective January 1, 2024, the Company acquired select remote water monitoring hardware and software, inclusive of the Telog® product line and Unity Remote Monitoring software as a service (the "Telog/Unity Assets"). The total purchase consideration for the Telog/Unity Assets was $3.0 million in cash. The allocation of purchase price to the assets acquired was based upon the estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had completed its analysis for estimating the fair value of the assets acquired.

Revenue and Product Mix

As the industry continues to evolve, the Company has been at the forefront of innovation across measurement hardware (metering, water quality, pressure sensors, etc.), radio and software technologies in order to meet its customers'

increasing expectations for accurate and actionable data and insights. As technologies such as ORION Cellular and BEACON digital solutions have become more widely adopted, the Company's revenue from Software as a Service (SaaS) has increased significantly, and is margin accretive.

The Company also seeks opportunities for additional revenue enhancement. For instance, the Company has made inroads into select regional markets outside the US such as the Middle East, UK and others with our BlueEdge offering. The Company sometimes oversees and supervises field installation of its products and provides training and other services for certain customers. Strategic mergers and acquisitions are another avenue for profitable sales growth.

Current Business Trends - Tariffs

During 2025, the United States introduced trade policy actions that have increased import tariffs across a wide range of countries at various rates, with certain exemptions such as USMCA-compliant imports. These tariff changes and subsequent retaliatory actions have the potential to increase various input costs for the Company. At present, the Company is managing applicable tariff-related cost burdens with selective supply chain and pricing actions, as has been our historical practice during uncertain and turbulent economic times. The Company has contingency plans in place to adequately respond to a wide range of potential economic scenarios and our management, along with the Board of Directors, continues to monitor and evaluate the ongoing situation.

Results of Operations - Three Months Ended September 30, 2025

Net Sales

The Company's net sales for the three months ended September 30, 2025 were $235.7 million, an increase of 13.1% compared to $208.4 million during the same period in 2024. Sales into the utility water market were $209.2 million, an increase of 14.3% from the prior year's $183.0 million. The Company's net sales grew as a result of increased ultrasonic meter, water quality solution and BEACON® SaaS revenues, as well as revenue associated with the acquisition of SmartCover of $11.1 million. Sales of products into the global flow instrumentation end markets were $26.5 million compared to the prior year's $25.4 million, an increase of 4.3%, driven by steady order demand within the water-focused end markets.

Earnings

Total operating earnings for the three months ended September 30, 2025 were $46.1 million, or 19.6% of sales, compared to $40.6 million, or 19.5% of sales, in the comparable prior year quarter. Gross margin dollars increased $12.0 million, with gross margin as a percent of sales of 40.7%, an increase from 40.2% of sales in the prior year comparable quarter. Gross margin improvement in the current year was driven by positive sales mix, including higher SaaS revenues, offset by tariff and input cost pressures. Selling, engineering and administration ("SEA") expenses were $49.8 million or 21.1% of sales compared to $43.3 million or 20.8% of sales in the comparable prior year quarter. The increase in SEA expenses was mainly the result of the inclusion of SmartCover, inclusive of the acquired intangible asset amortization, combined with higher incentive compensation and personnel-related expenses, offset by deferred compensation benefit driven by the change in our stock price during the quarter.

The provision for income taxes as a percentage of earnings before income taxes for the quarter ended September 30, 2025 was 26.1% compared to 25.3% for the comparable prior year period. Interim provisions are based on an estimate of the overall annual rate that can vary due to state taxes, the relationship of foreign and domestic earnings, and other credits and allowances.

As a result of the above-mentioned items, net earnings for the three months ended September 30, 2025 were $35.1 million, or $1.19 per diluted share, compared to $32.0 million, or $1.08 per diluted share, for the same period in 2024.

Results of Operations - Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025

Net Sales

The Company's net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $696.0 million, an increase of 12.0%, compared to $621.4 million during the same period in 2024. Sales into the utility water product line were $618.7 million, an increase of 13.8% from the prior year's $543.7 million. Utility water net sales grew as a result of increased metering, water quality solution and BEACON® SaaS revenues, as well as eight months of revenue associated with the acquisition of SmartCover of $27.8 million. Sales of products into the global flow instrumentation end markets were $77.3 million compared to the prior year's $77.7 million, a decrease of 0.6%.

Earnings

Total operating earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $140.4 million, or 20.2% of sales, compared to $118.7 million, or 19.1% of sales, in the comparable prior year period. Gross margin dollars increased $42.7 million, with gross margin as a percent of sales of 41.5%, an increase from 39.7% of sales in the prior year comparable period. Gross margin improvement was the result of increased sales volume and favorable product mix partially offset by tariff and other input cost pressures. SEA expenses were $148.7 million or 21.4% of sales compared to $127.7 million or 20.6% of sales in the comparable prior year period. The year-over-year increase in SEA was the result of the inclusion of SmartCover, inclusive of the acquired intangible asset amortization, combined with higher personnel costs including merit increases and incentive compensation.

The provision for income taxes as a percentage of earnings before income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 was 25.0% compared to 24.2% for the comparable prior year period. Interim provisions are based on an estimate of the overall annual rate that can vary due to state taxes, the relationship of foreign and domestic earnings, and other credits and allowances.

As a result of the above-mentioned items, net earnings for the nine months ended September 30, 2025 were $108.1 million, or $3.65 per diluted share, compared to $94.2 million, or $3.19 per diluted share, for the same period in 2024.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

The main sources of liquidity for the Company are cash from operations and borrowing capacity. In addition, depending on market conditions, the Company may access the capital markets to strengthen its capital position and to provide additional liquidity for general corporate purposes.

Primary Working Capital

The Company uses primary working capital ("PWC") as a percentage of sales as a key metric for working capital efficiency. The Company defines this metric as the sum of Receivables and Inventories less Payables, divided by trailing twelve-month Net sales. The following table shows the components of PWC:

Overall, PWC increased $25.8 million compared to the previous year-end. Receivables at September 30, 2025 increased $30.7 million due to higher sales activity. Inventories increased $9.2 million due to increased sales activity. Payables at September 30, 2025 were $14.1 million higher than prior year-end due to timing of payments and increased inventory levels.

Cash Provided by Operations

Cash provided by operations in the first nine months of 2025 was $128.9 million compared to $103.0 million in the same period of 2024. Higher net earnings and favorable working capital trends contributed to the increase in cash provided by operations compared to the same period in 2024.

Property, plant and equipment expenditures for the first nine months of 2025 were $10.0 million compared to $8.1 million in the comparable prior year period.

Cash and cash equivalents decreased to $201.7 million from $295.3 million at December 31, 2024, the result of the $128.9 million cash provided by operations, offset by the $184.0 million deployed for the SmartCover acquisition and payment of quarterly dividends.

The Company's credit facility includes a $150.0 million multi-currency line of credit that supports commercial paper (up to $100.0 million). The facility includes several features that enhance the Company's financial flexibility including an increase feature, acquisition holiday, and favorable financial covenants. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of September 30, 2025. The Company believes that its operating cash flows, available borrowing capacity, and its ability to raise capital provide adequate resources to fund ongoing operating requirements, future capital expenditures and the development of new products. The Company had $154.7 million of unused credit lines available at September 30, 2025.

Other Matters

The Company is subject to contingencies related to environmental laws and regulations. A future change in circumstances with respect to these specific matters or with respect to sites formerly or currently owned or operated by the Company, off-site disposal locations used by the Company, and property owned by third parties that is near such sites, could result in future costs to the Company and such amounts could be material. Expenditures for compliance with environmental control provisions and regulations during 2024 and the first three quarters of 2025 were not material.

See the "Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements" at the front of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Part I, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024and Part II, Item 1A "Risk Factors" in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a discussion of risks and uncertainties that could impact the Company's financial performance and results of operations.

Contractual Obligations

The Company's contractual obligations are discussed in Part II, Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" under the heading "Contractual Obligations" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024and have not materially changed since that report was filed unless otherwise indicated in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.