Quarterly Report for Quarter Ending March 31, 2026 (Form 10-Q)

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and those in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 19, 2026.

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Forward-looking statements relate to expectations concerning matters that are not historical facts. Words such as "anticipates," "believes," "could," "estimates," "expects," "intends," "may," "might," "plans," "projects," "will," "would," and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements related to our expected business, new product introductions, results of clinical studies, expectations regarding regulatory clearance and the timing of FDA or non-U.S. filings or approvals including meetings with FDA or non-U.S. regulatory bodies, procedures and procedure adoption, future results of operations, future financial position, our ability to generate revenue, our financing plans and future capital requirements, anticipated costs of revenue, anticipated expenses, the effect of recent accounting pronouncements, our anticipated cash flows, our ability to finance operations from cash flows or otherwise, and statements based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about the economies and markets in which we operate and intend to operate and our beliefs and assumptions regarding these economies and markets. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Actual results or events could differ materially from the plans, intentions and expectations disclosed in the forward-looking statements that we make. The "Risk Factors" section of this Quarterly Report includes a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained herein. We do not assume any obligation to update any forward-looking statements.

In addition, statements that "we believe" and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report, and although we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted a thorough inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements. This Quarterly Report and any documents incorporated by reference may contain market data that we obtain from industry sources. These sources do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information. Although we believe that our industry sources are reliable, we do not independently verify the information. The market data may include projections that are based on other projections. While we believe these assumptions and projections are reasonable and sound, as of the date of this Quarterly Report, actual results may differ from the projections.

Overview

We are a novel ablation company committed to health innovation using our patented Nano-pulse Stimulation ("NPS") technology, a revolutionary energy modality that delivers nanosecond-duration pulses of electrical energy, each less than a millionth of a second long, to nonthermally clear or kill targeted cells. NPS technology, also referred to as Nanosecond Pulsed-Field Ablation ("nsPFA") technology when used to ablate cellular tissue, can be used to treat a variety of medical conditions for which an optimal solution remains unfulfilled. We developed our proprietary nPulse System (formerly known as CellFX), a novel nsPFA delivery platform, and commercialized the initial application of its nsPFA technology to treat benign lesions of the skin and in parallel, designed a variety of applicators, or disposables, to explore the potential use of the nPulse platform in other medical specialties. Based on our preclinical experience and the potential to significantly improve outcomes for patients in a large and growing market, we decided to focus our primary efforts on the use of nsPFA energy and the nPulse platform in the treatment of atrial fibrillation ("AF"), where approximately 1.9 million patients in the United States are diagnosed annually. This potentially represents a greater than $3.0 billion addressable market within electrophysiology alone combined with long-term double-digit growth. Additionally, we are also pursuing the treatment of atrial fibrillation via a surgical approach as well as select other markets where nsPFA technology could have a profound positive impact on healthcare for both patients and providers, such as surgical soft tissue ablation.

In March 2026, we announced a strategic realignment ("the 2026 Realignment") to prioritize and accelerate the development of our nsPFA electrophysiology catheters and other cardiac devices for the treatment of AF. This initiative followed the release of our positive clinical data in February 2026 from our first in human feasibility study of our proprietary nPulse Cardiac Catheter System in patients with paroxysmal AF. In connection with the 2026 Realignment, we adjusted our capital allocation to prioritize the electrophysiology market development program and will reduce short term market development investments in cardiac surgery and reduce investments in sales and marketing for the Vybrance Percutaneous Electrode System to focus on additional market development.

Our Cardiac Program

Atrial fibrillation is a type of heart arrythmia, or irregular heartbeat, caused by faulty electrical signals in the heart. AF is a highly prevalent condition and is growing significantly with an ageing population. It is estimated that 43 million people worldwide are affected by AF. Treatment requires the precise and safe ablation of heart tissue to block or otherwise prevent these faulty electrical signals from causing the irregular heartbeat, and we believe nsPFA energy is uniquely suited to perform an integral role in the treatment of AF and that it will prove to be highly differentiated from other energy modalities in use today.

The results of preclinical and clinical testing of our most advanced nPulse cardiac products, namely our endocardial ablation catheter and surgical ablation clamp, have exceeded our expectations and initial data have been presented at physician and industry conferences. While these devices serve different physicians, the application of nsPFA energy to safely and effectively ablate cardiac tissue to treat AF are the same, and we believe there will be important synergies realized through their contemporaneous development. The Company's cardiac endocardial ablation catheter and cardiac surgical ablation clamp both generate our proprietary nsPFA pulses of electrical energy. Recently, we initiated pivotal studies to test both these devices for the treatment of AF and we discuss each of these clinical-stage products in more detail below.

nPulse Cardiac Catheter System

Our nPulse Cardiac Catheter System is uniquely designed to provide a circumferential, or circular, ablation in a single treatment cycle. We believe this will enable faster treatment times compared to what is currently performed with thermal modalities, especially when ablating around the pulmonary veins, a common treatment approach for AF.

In recent years, Pulsed Field Ablation ("PFA") has gained attention in electrophysiology for the treatment of AF because of its safety profile and speed. However, current clinical products employing PFA in AF treatment differ from nsPFA technology in that the pulse widths are longer, typically in the microsecond domain. We believe nsPFA technology, which delivers pulses of electrical energy that are each less than a millionth of a second long, can offer similar safety advantages as PFA and may provide improved efficacy advantages based on the circumferential design of our catheter and because it appears nsPFA technology can create deeper ablations. We believe these advantages will be important to electrophysiologists, so we are working with leaders in the field to develop this technology quickly.

Our proprietary catheter has been in development for several years and we have been working with leaders in the electrophysiology field to test the catheter in preclinical studies. After seeing encouraging preclinical results, in December 2023, we initiated a first-in-human clinical study in Prague, Czech Republic, to test our nPulse Cardiac Catheter System in patients with AF and both the acute data and initial remapping data from this study were compelling. We therefore expanded the initial clinical protocol in 2024 to include participation by two additional sites, including a clinical site in Rome, Italy, with Dr. Andrea Natale M.D., F.A.C.C., F.H.R.S., F.E.S.C., a world recognized leader in the electrophysiology field and the current Executive Director at the Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia Institute. To date, seven clinical investigators at these European sites, including Dr. Natale and Dr. Vivek Reddy, Director of Cardiac Arrhythmia Services at the Mount Sinai Fuster Heart Hospital in New York, have enrolled and treated more than 175 patients in this first-in-human study. In February 2026, at the AF Symposium, Dr. Reddy presented 6- and 12-month follow up data for the first 150 patients from this study. These data show 96% procedural success of evaluable patients at one year as well as early indications of the disruptive market potential for our nPulse catheter, such as total procedure times in the study of approximately 65 minutes per patient. This long-term data was further reinforced at the 2026 Heart Rhythm meeting with data from a total of 177 patients. The 5 second Cohort (n=141) showed 96.2% procedural success by 24-hour holter at one year in addition to 90% Kaplan-Meier estimated freedom from all atrial arrhythmias at one year.

Given the compelling data seen in the first-in-human study of our nPulse Cardiac Catheter, in 2025 we submitted an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) application for review by the FDA to conduct a single-arm, multicenter, prospective study designed to demonstrate primary safety and effectiveness of the nsPFA Cardiac Catheter System for the treatment of recurrent drug-resistant symptomatic paroxysmal AF. In December 2025, the FDA approved our IDE submission, and the first patients were treated in April 2026 at St. Bernards Medical Center in Jonesboro, Arkansas, under the leadership of Devi Nair, MD, Principal Investigator of the Arrhythmia Research Group. This IDE study is expected to enroll up to 215 patients at up to 30 sites, including three sites outside the United States. We continue to believe we will need PMA approval from the FDA to market and sell our catheter in the United States. Upon PMA approval, we would expect to commercialize the nPulse Cardiac Catheter System in the United States specifically as a treatment for AF, potentially through one or more strategic partnerships with electrophysiology market leaders.

nPulse Cardiac Surgical Clamp

Our surgical cardiac ablation clamp is designed for use by cardiac surgeons during the surgical treatment of AF. The standard of care surgical procedure for the treatment of AF is performed by cardiac surgeons and called the Cox-Maze procedure. The Cox-Maze procedure typically uses thermal ablation technologies, such as heat with radiofrequency ablation or cold with cryoablation, to create specific ablation lines in the heart muscle. These ablation lines block the conduction of electrical impulses and can cure patients of their AF.

We believe our nsPFA energy can provide important advantages over today's thermal modalities in creating these ablation lines. For example, surgeons using the nPulse System should be able to deliver faster ablations and through thicker tissue than thermal modalities because of the nonthermal mechanism of action that nsPFA employs, which is not affected by heatsinks such as blood in the heart. In preclinical and clinical studies, our nsPFA Cardiac Clamp has consistently achieved transmural ablations in less than three seconds, independent of tissue type or thickness. Moreover, thermal modalities can cause char formation on electrode surfaces which can cause gaps in the ablation lines that might lead to treatment failure. This should not be an issue with nsPFA ablation given its nonthermal nature. Also, because nsPFA ablation does not significantly impact acellular tissue, such as collagen or cartilage, our technology has the potential to offer significant safety advantages over thermal modalities by allowing surgeons to ablate near and into vessels and valves without concern of permanent damage. And finally, nsPFA ablation has been shown to spare nerves of any permanent damage, even when treated directly, which is another concern for thermal modalities. We believe these advantages will be important to cardiac surgeons, so we are working with leaders in the field to develop this technology quickly.

Over the last several years, we have been developing the cardiac ablation clamp from proof-of-concept to prototype, and we now have what we believe will be our initial commercial design. The device was designed with the input of key physicians in cardiac surgery, and we believe it will offer a highly differentiated option relative to the standard of care thermal modalities. Today, we plan to pursue a PMA application for FDA approval to market the cardiac clamp specifically as a surgical way to treat AF. Seeking an AF indication through a PMA application will require pivotal clinical data to support the application.

In July 2024, we received Breakthrough Device Designation from the FDA for our nsPFA Cardiac Surgery System for the treatment of AF. The FDA's Breakthrough Devices Program is a voluntary program for certain medical devices that potentially provide for more effective treatment or diagnosis of a life-threatening or irreversibly debilitating disease or condition. More recently, our Cardiac Surgery System was enrolled in the FDA's Total Product Life Cycle (TPLC) Advisory Program (TAP). The FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) launched the TAP program to help generate more rapid development of high-quality, safe, effective, and innovative medical devices that are critical to public health. TAP's primary goal is to expedite patient access to innovative medical devices by providing early, frequent and strategic communications with the FDA and facilitating engagement with other key parties for developers of devices of public health importance. Both programs are designed to expedite the development, assessment, and review of medical devices for premarket approval, 510(k) clearance, or de novo marketing authorization. Breakthrough Devices, even those enrolled in the FDA's TAP Program, must still meet the FDA's rigorous standards for device safety and effectiveness in order to be authorized for marketing, however.

In August 2024, we initiated a first-in-human clinical feasibility study of the nPulse Cardiac Surgical System in Europe. To date, we have enrolled more than 60 patients in this feasibility study of the cardiac clamp, a multi-center study of AF in Europe. All of the patients in our first-in-human study have tolerated the procedure well and acute data have been encouraging. Thirty-four patients had ablation effectiveness and durability evaluated by electroanatomical mapping at approximately three months showing durable and consistent pulmonary vein isolation and posterior box isolation, achieved safely with rapid ablation times.

More recently, in September 2025, we received approval of our Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) to initiate our pivotal clinical trial of the cardiac surgical clamp and clinicians have commenced enrollment in the study. This single-arm prospective study is designed to demonstrate primary effectiveness of the nsPFA Cardiac Surgical System for the treatment of AF in concomitant surgical procedures. Up to twenty sites, including two outside the United States, are planned to enroll up to 136 patients. Upon PMA approval, we would expect to commercialize the nPulse Cardiac Surgical System in the United States specifically as a treatment for AF.

nPulse Vybrance Percutaneous Electrode System

Outside of our cardiac programs, our first product for soft tissue ablation in a surgical setting, the Vybrance Percutaneous Electrode System (the "Vybrance System" or the "Vybrance Percutaneous Electrode System"), consists of a disposable, percutaneous, needle electrode for use with our proprietary nPulse Console. This novel electrode is designed to harness and deliver the key advantages of nsPFA energy, enabling precise nonthermal removal of cellular tissue without inducing thermal necrosis.

After years of preclinical development and testing, in June 2023, we initiated a first-in-human study using our proprietary nsPFA-enabled percutaneous electrode for the treatment of benign thyroid nodules. This study was conducted by Professor Stefano Spiezia at the Ospedale del Mare in Naples, Italy, to help us better understand and confirm the mechanism of action and tissue response of nsPFA energy in internal organs such as the thyroid. Thirty study subjects were treated, all of whom tolerated the procedure well with no reported serious side effects. Ultrasound images post procedure showed treated portions of the benign thyroid nodules were mostly resorbed with no sign of scarring or fibrosis, which can be a side effect of other ablation modalities using thermal energies.

In parallel, in November 2023, we filed a premarket notification 510(k) with the FDA for clearance to commercialize our novel Vybrance System in the United States. In March 2024, we received FDA 510(k) clearance for our Vybrance System for use in the ablation of soft tissue in percutaneous and intraoperative surgical procedures. More recently, in August 2024, we received FDA 510(k) clearance for a second size of the percutaneous electrode needle, which we believe will provide our customers with an additional treatment option for their patients.

Since securing 510(k) clearance to market and sell the Vybrance System in the United States, we have engaged with experts in the field of soft tissue ablation to gather information to help shape our commercial endeavors. We initially placed our Vybrance System at sites in the United States under short-term evaluation or consulting agreements pursuant to which the sites have been performing initial patient treatments and evaluating the Vybrance System as well as providing valuable feedback and support. In the third quarter of 2025, we began entering into commercial agreements with a limited number of sites in the United States.

More recently, in September 2025, we commenced a clinical trial (PRECISE BTN) to generate clinical evidence to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of this less-invasive thyroid-preserving procedure and support commercialization of the Vybrance System in the United States. In this study, benign thyroid nodule soft tissue ablation procedures will be performed on up to 100 patients at up to four sites, an expansion from the original design of 50 patients. Study endpoints evaluated during the follow-up timepoints will include safety, targeted nodule volume reduction, symptom reduction, and improvements in quality of life and cosmesis over various follow-up periods. We expect to pursue more clinical evidenced-based milestones in connection with further market development of our Vybrance System.

The nPulse Console

The nPulse Console is a tunable, software-enabled, console-based platform, designed to accommodate the clinical workflow preferred by physicians. The nPulse Console is configured to accept a variety of disposable applicators or electrodes across a range of clinical applications. In 2021, we received 510(k) clearance from the FDA for the nPulse System for dermatologic procedures requiring ablation and resurfacing of the skin and Conformité Européene ("CE") marking approval, which allows for marketing of the system in the European Union ("EU"). However, in September 2022, we announced a shift in our focus from dermatology to cardiology and ceased all commercial sales efforts and marketing operations in dermatology, and in 2022 we stopped manufacturing new dermatologic treatment tips for the nPulse System. The nPulse Console is being used for our current efforts in the treatment of AF and as part of the Vybrance Percutaneous Electrode System.

We continue to believe nsPFA ablation, as well as NPS technology more broadly, has the potential to provide superior outcomes across a variety of medical disciplines and we may seek partnership opportunities to develop additional applications.

Financing Our Business

Over the past few years, Robert Duggan, our majority stockholder and Co-Chairman, has made significant investments in our Company to fund its operations. In June 2024, for example, when we completed a rights offering of units to our existing stockholders to raise $60.0 million in aggregate, Mr. Duggan purchased approximately 88% of the shares offered through the offering. Mr. Duggan may or may not elect to participate in any number of future fundraisings by the Company, whether similar to those described above or otherwise, and he may choose to invest more than his current pro rata share in any of these fundraisings, or alternatively he may offer to provide additional debt financing as may be needed to maintain the Company as a going concern.

On May 11, 2026, we sold 675,233 shares of common stock in aggregate for net proceeds of approximately $12.9 million, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering costs of approximately $0.4 million, pursuant to a sales agreement with TD Securities LLC under an at-the-market offering program to Mr. Robert Duggan, our majority stockholder and Co-Chairman, and Mr. Paul LaViolette, our Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The preparation of these condensed financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets, liabilities, and equity and the amount of revenues and expenses, which are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management's judgments and estimates.

Our critical accounting policies are described in the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 19, 2026. During the three months ended March 31, 2026, we modified the stock-based compensation policy as a result of granting restricted stock units, which was a new type of stock award issued by the Company. We continue to believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with our most critical accounting policies are those relating to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, and accrued research and development expenses. Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our condensed financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on 10-Q. Additionally, the modified stock-based compensation policy is described as follows:

Stock-Based Compensation

Our stock-based compensation programs include stock options, restricted sock units (RSUs), and an employee stock purchase program. We periodically issue stock options and RSUs to officers, directors, employees, and consultants for their services to the Company. Such issuances vest and expire according to terms established at the issuance date. In general, stock options granted to officers, directors and employees are recognized in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values, which are estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model or Monte Carlo simulation model. The grant date fair value of RSUs is estimated based on the closing stock price of our common stock on the date of grant. We account for forfeitures as they occur. We have granted stock options with service-based, performance-based, market-based, and both market-based and performance-based vesting conditions and granted RSUs with service-based vesting conditions.

For stock options with service-based and performance-based vesting conditions, the grant date fair value of each grant is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model which requires a number of assumptions. Each of these assumptions is subjective and generally requires significant judgment and estimation by management.

Expected Term - Our expected term represents the period that our stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and is determined using the simplified method (based on the mid-point between the vesting date and the end of the contractual term).

Expected Volatility - The computation of expected volatility is based on a calculation using the historical volatility of our common stock.

Risk-Free Interest Rate - The risk-free interest rate is based on the Treasury Constant Maturities as provided by the Federal Reserve in effect at the time of grant for periods corresponding with the expected term of option.

Expected Dividend - We have never paid dividends on our common stock and have no plans to pay dividends on our common stock. Therefore, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.

Stock-based compensation expense for stock awards with service-based vesting conditions is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. For stock awards with performance-based vesting conditions, compensation expense is not recognized until it is probable that the performance-based vesting condition will be achieved. The analysis to determine such probability involves estimates and judgements from management related to certain financial measures and achievements of strategic and operational milestones, which involves inherent risk and uncertainty regarding the future outcomes of the milestones. If actual results are not consistent with our estimates or assumptions, we may be exposed to changes in stock-based compensation expense that could be material.

For stock awards with market-based vesting conditions, the conditions relate to the achievement of certain market capitalization targets of the Company. Using a Monte Carlo simulation model, we estimated the fair value of the market-based awards on the grant date or modification date, with the associated stock-based compensation expense recognized over the requisite service period. The requisite service period is the service period derived from the Monte Carlo simulation model. If the market capitalization targets are met sooner than the derived service period, the recognition of stock-based compensation expense will accelerate to reflect the cumulative expense associated with the vested shares.

For stock awards with both market-based and performance-based vesting conditions, the vesting conditions relate to both the achievement of certain market capitalization targets of the Company, as well as the achievement of certain revenue and margin metrics. Using a Monte Carlo simulation model, we estimated the fair value of the market-based options on the grant date, along with a derived service period. Compensation expense for the awards is recognized over the requisite service period, which is the longer of the service period derived from the Monte Carlo simulation model or the implicit service period (the period when the performance condition is expected to be met). Compensation expense is recognized only once it becomes probable that the associated performance condition will be achieved and the employee is expected to render the requisite service. Once these criteria are met, we will recognize expense using the accelerated attribution method over the requisite service period. If, at any point, the performance condition is no longer probable of being achieved or the employee is no longer expected to complete the requisite service period, any previously recognized expense will be reversed. Additionally, if both the market and performance conditions are satisfied before the end of the requisite service period, any remaining unrecognized expense will be recognized immediately, provided that the employee is still providing service.

The Monte Carlo simulation models require us to make assumptions and judgements about the variables used in the calculations including the expected volatility, the risk-free interest rate, expected dividend yield, and the expected term. The assumptions used in the option-pricing model represent our best estimates. If factors change and different assumptions are used, our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different in the future.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to the "Recent Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 2 of the condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional disclosures around recently issued accounting pronouncements.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2026 and 2025

Our condensed consolidated statements of operations as discussed herein are presented below:

		Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)		2026				2025				$ Change
Revenue:
Product revenue		$	401			$	-			$	401
Cost and expenses:
Cost of product revenue			370				-				370
Research and development			12,590				10,313				2,277
Selling, general and administrative			6,591				7,731				(1,140	)
Total cost and expenses			19,551				18,044				1,507
Loss from operations			(19,150	)			(18,044	)			(1,106	)
Other income (expense):
Interest income			593				1,255				(662	)
Other expense			(24	)			(6	)			(18	)
Total other income			569				1,249				(680	)
Net loss		$	(18,581	)		$	(16,795	)		$	(1,786	)

Revenue

Product revenue was $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026. There was no revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The total revenue generated was in connection with the limited market release commercial sales of the Vybrance Percutaneous Electrode System, with the first commercial sale occurring in the third quarter of 2025.

Cost of Product Revenue

Cost of product revenue was $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026. There was no cost of product revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2025.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist of compensation and other employee-related expenses for research and development personnel, clinical trials and consulting costs related to the design, development and enhancement of our potential future products, prototype material and devices.

Research and development expenses increased by $2.3 million to $12.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $10.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The increase was primarily driven by higher expenses of $1.8 million in paid services and external research and $1.5 million in compensation and other employee-related expenses, partially offset by a decrease of $1.0 million in stock-based compensation resulting from forfeitures for an executive departure.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist of compensation and other employee-related expenses for sales, marketing, executives, finance, legal, human resources, information technology, and administrative personnel, professional fees, patent fees and costs, insurance costs and other general corporate expenses.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $1.1 million to $6.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $7.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025. The decrease was primarily driven by a reduction of $2.8 million in stock-based compensation resulting from forfeitures for an executive departure, partially offset by increases of $0.9 million in compensation and other employee-related expenses, and $0.6 million related to a legal settlement recognized in early 2025.

Interest Income

Interest income decreased by $0.7 million to $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $1.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, driven by lower invested capital and decreasing yield rates.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have funded our business primarily through the issuance of equity securities and debt. To date, we have generated only limited revenue from product sales and we have incurred significant operating losses each year since our inception. Because we intend to continue our investments into new product research and development and the capabilities needed to commercialize our nPulse Vybrance Percutaneous Electrode System, we expect to continue to incur additional losses for the next several years. Accordingly, to fund our business, we may utilize some combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, or potential new revenue-generating collaborations with one or more investors or strategic partners. Over the past few years, Robert Duggan, our majority stockholder and Co-Chairman, has made significant investments in our Company to fund its operations. Mr. Duggan may or may not elect to participate in any number of future fundraisings by the Company, whether similar to those described herein or otherwise, or alternatively he may offer to provide additional debt financing as may be needed to maintain the Company as a going concern.

On May 11, 2026, we sold 675,233 shares of common stock in aggregate for net proceeds of approximately $12.9 million, after deducting discounts, commissions, and offering costs, pursuant to a sales agreement with TD Securities LLC under an at-the-market offering program, to Mr. Robert Duggan, our majority stockholder and Co-Chairman, and Mr. Paul LaViolette, our Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman (the "May 2026 ATM Sale").

As of March 31, 2026, we had cash and cash equivalents of $68.3 million. We believe that our existing financial resources combined with net proceeds received from the May 2026 ATM Sale are sufficient to fund our projected operating requirements for at least the next twelve months from the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. However, we plan to raise additional capital in the near future. These expectations are based on our current operating and financing plans which are subject to change. The source, timing and availability of any future financing will depend largely upon market conditions and perceived progress in the Company's commercialization efforts, on-going product development initiatives, as well as future clinical and regulatory developments concerning the nPulse System and our other NPS-based technologies. There can be no assurance, however, that any additional financing or any revenue-generating collaboration will be available when needed or that we will be able to obtain financing or enter into a collaboration on terms acceptable to us. Lack of necessary funds may require us to, among other things, delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our commercial activities, reduce headcount, trim research and product development programs, discontinue clinical trials, stop all or some of our manufacturing operations, defer capital expenditures, deregister from being a publicly traded company and delist from Nasdaq, or license our potential products or technologies to third parties, possibly on terms that cannot sustain our current business. In addition, global economic instability caused by armed conflicts, tariffs and interest rates, together with other market factors, could have an adverse impact on potential sources of future financing.

In 2024, we executed our 2024 Rights Offering. The 2024 Rights Offering resulted in the sale of six million 2024 Units, at a price of $10.00 per 2024 Unit. Each 2024 Unit consisted of one share of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and two warrants, each being a warrant to purchase one-half of one share of common stock. The common stock and warrants comprising the 2024 Units separated upon the closing of the 2024 Rights Offering and were issued individually. Upon the closing of the offering, we issued a total of 5,999,998 shares of common stock and warrants to acquire up to approximately an additional six million shares of common stock, at an exercise price of $11 per whole share, and we received aggregate gross proceeds of $60 million. Robert W. Duggan, the Company's majority stockholder and Co-Chairman, purchased approximately 88% of the units offered through the 2024 Rights Offering. Half of the warrants issued in the rights offering were redeemable by us if our volume-weighted average price ("VWAP") exceeded 150% of the exercise price, or $16.50, for twenty consecutive trading days. In December 2024, we delivered an irrevocable notice of redemption to redeem this first tranche of common stock warrants because the VWAP of our common stock over the twenty consecutive trading days before the notice was $18.85. Then, in February 2025, we redeemed 18,221 warrants, specifically the ones subject to the 150% redemption feature, on the announced redemption date. The other half of the warrants issued in the 2024 Rights Offering are redeemable by us if our VWAP exceeds 200% of the exercise price, or $22.00, for twenty consecutive trading days. As of March 31, 2026, there were no outstanding 2024 Rights Offering Warrants subject to the 150% redemption feature and there were 386,963 outstanding 2024 Rights Offering Warrants subject to the 200% redemption feature, entitling holders to purchase up to approximately 193,481 shares of common stock. For the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025, we have received gross proceeds of $0.1 million and $14.1 million, respectively, from exercises of the 2024 Rights Offering Warrants. Cumulatively, as of March 31, 2026, we have received total gross proceeds of $63.7 million from exercises of the 2024 Rights Offering Warrants.

Furthermore, from time to time, we may raise additional equity or debt capital through private offerings of securities or through registered offerings of securities, such as offerings of debt or equity off of a shelf registration statement, including "at-the-market" offerings of common stock. In April 2024, we filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which the SEC declared effective on April 8, 2024, and after which we filed a Form S-3MEF to increase the shelf by 20%. Through this shelf registration statement we may, from time to time, sell up to an aggregate of $60 million worth of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depositary shares, warrants, subscription rights, purchase contracts, or units, of which shelf approximately $46.7 million remains available for sale as of the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Under this shelf registration statement, in July 2024, we established an at-the-market offering program with Canaccord Genuity LLC and Needham & Company, LLC, as sales agents, in the amount of up to $60 million. However, in February 2026, we terminated this ATM program and instead entered into an at-the-market offering program with TD Securities LLC, as sales agent, in the amount of up to $60 million, of which approximately $46.7 million remains available as of the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. In February 2026, we also filed a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 with the SEC, which the SEC declared effective on February 27, 2026. Through this shelf registration statement, we may, from time to time, sell up to an aggregate of $200 million worth of our common stock, preferred stock, debt securities, depositary shares, warrants, subscription rights, purchase contracts, or units, of which $200 million remains available for sale as of the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. To the extent we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of such securities will result in dilution to our stockholders.

Summary of Cash Flows

Our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows as discussed herein are presented below:

		Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)		2026				2025
Net cash and cash equivalents (used in) provided by:
Operating activities		$	(14,595	)		$	(13,521	)
Investing activities			(33	)			(45	)
Financing activities			2,212				14,807
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		$	(12,416	)		$	1,241

Operating Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, net cash used in operating activities was $14.6 million, which consisted of a net loss of $18.6 million, partially offset by a net change of $2.8 million in non-cash changes and a net change of $1.2 million in net operating assets and liabilities. Non-cash charges consisted of stock-based compensation of $1.9 million, lease expense of $0.3 million, write-off of deferred issuance costs of $0.3 million related to the terminated at-the-market offering program in February 2026, and depreciation and amortization of $0.3 million. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a net increase in liabilities of $1.3 million.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, net cash used in operating activities was $13.5 million, which consisted of a net loss of $16.8 million and a net change of $3.0 million in net operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by $6.2 million in non-cash changes. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to a net decrease in liabilities of $2.7 million. Non-cash charges consisted of stock-based compensation of $5.7 million, lease expense of $0.3 million, and depreciation and amortization of $0.3 million.

Investing Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, cash used in investing activities was less than $0.1 million, which was for the purchase of property and equipment.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, cash used in investing activities was less than $0.1 million, which was for the purchase of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

For the three months ended March 31, 2026, cash provided by financing activities was $2.2 million, which comprised of $1.7 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options, $0.5 million of proceeds from the issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan, and $0.1 million of proceeds from the exercise of common stock warrants, partially offset by $0.1 million of deferred issuance costs paid in relation to registration statements.

For the three months ended March 31, 2025, cash provided by financing activities was $14.8 million, primarily due to $14.1 million of proceeds from the exercise of common stock warrants, $0.4 million of proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan, and $0.4 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options.

Contractual Obligations

There have been no material changes outside the ordinary course of our business to the contractual obligations disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements

As of March 31, 2026, we did not have any transactions, obligations or relationships that constitute off-balance sheet arrangements.

In the ordinary course of business, we enter into standard indemnification arrangements. Pursuant to these arrangements, we indemnify, hold harmless, and agree to reimburse the indemnified parties for losses suffered or incurred by the indemnified party in connection with any trade secret, copyright, patent or other intellectual property infringement claim by any third party with respect to its technology, or from claims relating to our performance or non-performance under a contract. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these agreements is not determinable because it involves claims that may be made against us in future periods, but have not yet been made. To date, we have not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements.

We also enter and have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and officers that may require us to indemnify them against liabilities that arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers, except as prohibited by applicable law. In addition, we may have obligations to hold harmless and indemnify third parties involved with our fundraising efforts and their respective affiliates, directors, officers, employees, agents or other representatives against any and all losses, claims, damages and liabilities related to claims arising against such parties pursuant to the terms of agreements entered into between us and such third parties in connection with such fundraising efforts. To date, we have not incurred costs to defend lawsuits or settle claims related to these indemnification agreements.

Trends, Events and Uncertainties

Research and development of new technologies are, by their nature, unpredictable. Although we undertake development efforts with commercially reasonable diligence, there can be no assurance that the net proceeds from our financings will be sufficient to enable us to develop our technology to the extent needed to generate future sales to sustain our operations. If we do not continue to have enough funds to sustain our operations, we will consider other options to continue the research and development of our technology, including, but not limited to, additional financing through follow-on stock offerings, debt financings, or co-development agreements and/or other alternatives.

We cannot assure investors that our technology will be adopted or that we will ever achieve sustainable revenue sufficient to support our operations. Even if we are able to generate revenue, there can be no assurances that we will be able to achieve profitability or positive operating cash flows. There can be no assurances that we will be able to secure additional financing in the future on acceptable terms or at all. If our technology cannot be used to successfully treat AF, tumors and nodules, or if our cash resources are insufficient to satisfy our ongoing cash needs, we would be required to, among other things, delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our activities, reduce headcount, trim research and product development programs, discontinue clinical trials, stop all or some of our manufacturing operations, defer capital expenditures, deregister from being a publicly traded company and delist from Nasdaq, license our potential products or technologies to third parties, possibly on terms that cannot sustain our current business, or curtail, suspend or discontinue our operations entirely.

Other than as discussed above and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report, we are not currently aware of any trends, events or uncertainties that are likely to have a material effect on our financial condition in the near term, although it is possible that new trends or events may develop in the future that could have a material effect on our financial condition.