Quarterly Report for Quarter Ending September 30, 2025 (Form 10-Q)

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Information

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contains certain forward-looking statements, which are not historical fact, that are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements, which are provided to assist in the understanding of anticipated future financial performance, provide current expectations or forecasts of future events and are not guarantees of future performance. Examples of forward-looking statements include: (a) projections of income or expense, earnings per share, the payment or non-payment of dividends, capital structure and other financial items; (b) statements of plans and objectives of the Company or our management or Board of Directors, including those relating to products or services; (c) statements of future economic performance; (d) statements regarding future customer attraction or retention; and (e) statements of assumptions underlying such statements. Words such as "anticipates", "believes", "plans", "intends", "expects", "projects", "estimates", "should", "may", "would be", "will allow", "will likely result", "will continue", "will remain", or other similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, but are not the exclusive means of identifying those statements. Forward-looking statements are based on management's expectations and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties. Although management believes that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in such statements. Risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially include, without limitation:

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current and future economic and financial market conditions, either nationally or in the states in which we do business, including conditions such as inflation, recession, unemployment, changes in interest rates, fiscal and monetary policy, the current and/or possible future U.S. government shutdowns, an increasing federal government budget deficit, the failure of the federal government to raise the federal debt ceiling, slowing gross domestic product, tariffs, a U.S. withdrawal from or significant renegotiation of trade agreements, trade wars, and other factors beyond our control, any of which may result in adverse impacts on our deposit levels and composition, the quality of investment securities available for purchase, demand for loans, the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans, and the value of the collateral securing loans made by us;

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recent and future bank failures may reduce customer confidence, affect sources of funding and liquidity, increase regulatory requirements and costs, adversely affect financial markets and/or have a negative reputational ramification for the banking industry as a whole, any of which could adversely affect the Company's business, earnings and financial condition;

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instability in global economic conditions and geopolitical matters (including the ongoing military conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East), and volatility in financial markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition;

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changes in interest rates resulting from national and local economic conditions and the policies of regulatory authorities, including monetary policies of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, which may adversely affect interest rates, interest margins, loan demand and interest rate sensitivity;

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the volatility of mortgage banking income, whether due to interest rates, demand, the fair value of mortgage loans, or other factors;

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factors that can impact the performance of our loan portfolio, including changes in real estate values and liquidity in our primary market areas, the financial health of our borrowers and the success of construction projects that we finance;

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changes in customers', suppliers', and other counterparties' performance and creditworthiness may be different than anticipated due to inflationary pressures and/or other economic and financial market conditions;

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operational risks, reputational risks, legal and compliance risks, and other risks related to potential fraud or theft by employees or outsiders, unauthorized transactions by employees or operational errors, or failures, disruptions or breaches in security of our systems, including those resulting from computer viruses or cyber-attacks;

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our ability to secure sensitive or confidential client information against unauthorized disclosure or access through computer systems and telecommunication networks, including those of our third-party vendors and other service providers, which may prove inadequate;

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a failure in or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of our third-party vendors and other service providers, resulting in failures or disruptions in customer account management, general ledger, deposit, loan, or other systems, including as a result of cyber-attacks;

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competitive pressures and factors among financial services organizations could increase significantly, including product and pricing pressures, changes to third-party relationships and our ability to recruit and retain qualified management and banking personnel;

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unexpected losses of services of our key management personnel, or the inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in the future;

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risks inherent in pursuing strategic growth initiatives, including integration and other risks involved in past and possible future acquisitions;

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uncertainty regarding the nature, timing, cost and effect of legislative or regulatory changes in the banking industry or otherwise affecting the Company, including major reform of the regulatory oversight structure of the financial services industry and changes in laws and regulations concerning taxes, FDIC insurance premium levels, pensions, bankruptcy, consumer protection, rent regulation and housing, financial accounting and reporting, environmental protection, insurance, bank products and services, bank and bank holding company capital and liquidity standards, fiduciary standards, securities and other aspects of the financial services industry;

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changes in federal, state and/or local tax laws may adversely affect our reported financial condition or results of operations;

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changes in accounting standards, policies and practices may adversely affect our reported financial condition or results of operations;

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litigation and regulatory compliance exposure, including the costs and effects of any adverse developments in legal proceedings or other claims and the costs and effects of unfavorable resolution of regulatory and other governmental examinations or inquiries;

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continued availability of earnings and dividends from State Bank and excess capital sufficient for us to service our debt and pay dividends to our shareholders in compliance with applicable legal and regulatory requirements;

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our ability to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements and increasing scrutiny and evolving expectations from customers, regulators, investors and other stakeholders with respect to the Company's environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices, which could affect our reputation and business and operating results;

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our ability to anticipate and successfully keep pace with technological changes affecting the financial services industry;

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an unexpected inability to obtain needed liquidity which could adversely affect our business, profitability, and viability as a going concern;

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the impact on our businesses, as well as on the risks described above, of various domestic or international widespread natural or other disasters (including severe weather events), pandemics, cybersecurity attacks, system failures, civil unrest, military or terrorist activities or international conflicts; and

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other risks identified from time to time in the Company's other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the risks identified under the heading "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of Part I of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Undue reliance should not be placed on the forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date hereof. Except as may be required by law, the Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect unanticipated events or circumstances after the date on which the statement is made.

Overview of SB Financial

SB Financial Group, Inc. ("SB Financial") is an Ohio corporation and a financial holding company registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System ("Federal Reserve Board"). SB Financial's wholly owned subsidiary, The State Bank and Trust Company ("State Bank"), is an Ohio-chartered bank engaged in commercial banking.

Rurban Statutory Trust II ("RST II") was established in August 2005. In September 2005, RST II completed a pooled private offering of 10,000 Trust Preferred Securities with a liquidation amount of $1,000 per security. The proceeds of the offering were loaned to SB Financial in exchange for junior subordinated debentures of SB Financial with terms substantially similar to the Trust Preferred Securities. The sole assets of RST II are the junior subordinated debentures, and the back-up obligations, in the aggregate, constitute a full and unconditional guarantee by SB Financial of the obligations of RST II.

State Bank Insurance, LLC ("SBI") is an Ohio corporation and a wholly owned subsidiary of State Bank incorporated in June 2010. SBI is an insurance company that engages in the sale of insurance products to retail and commercial customers of State Bank.

SBFG Title, LLC ("SBFG Title") is an Ohio corporation that was formed in March 2019. SBFG Title engages in the sale of title insurance services.

SB Captive, Inc. ("SB Captive") is a Nevada corporation that was formed in March 2019. SB Captive pools insurance risk among like sized banking institutions.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, all references herein to "we", "us", "our", or the "Company" refer to SB Financial and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Critical Accounting Policies

Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, describes the significant accounting policies used in the development and presentation of the Company's financial statements. The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States and conform to general practices within the banking industry. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions. The Company's financial position and results of operations can be affected by these estimates and assumptions and are integral to the understanding of reported results. Critical accounting policies are those policies that management believes are the most important to the portrayal of the Company's financial condition and results, and they require management to make estimates that are difficult, subjective, and/or complex.

Allowance for Credit Losses - The Company believes the determination of the allowance for credit losses involves a higher degree of judgment and complexity than its other significant accounting policies. The allowance for credit losses is calculated with the objective of maintaining a reserve level believed by management to be sufficient to absorb estimated credit losses over the life of an asset or an off-balance sheet credit exposure. Management's determination of the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses is based on periodic evaluations of past events, including historical credit loss experience on financial assets with similar risk characteristics, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the remaining cash flows over the contractual term of the financial assets. However, this evaluation has subjective components requiring material estimates, including expected default probabilities, the expected loss given default ("LGD"), the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on individually evaluated loans, and estimated losses based on historical loss experience and forecasted economic conditions. All of these factors may be susceptible to significant change. To the extent that actual results differ from management estimates, additional provisions for credit losses may be required that would adversely impact earnings in future periods.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles - The Company records all assets and liabilities acquired in purchase acquisitions, including goodwill and other intangibles, at fair value as required. Goodwill is subject, at a minimum, to annual tests for impairment. Other intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives using straight-line or accelerated methods and are subject to impairment if events or circumstances indicate a possible inability to realize the carrying amount. The initial goodwill and other intangibles recorded and subsequent impairment analysis requires management to make subjective judgments concerning estimates of how the acquired asset will perform in the future. Events and factors that may significantly affect the estimates include, among others, customer attrition, changes in revenue growth trends, specific industry conditions and changes in competition. A decrease in earnings resulting from these or other factors could lead to an impairment of goodwill that could adversely impact earnings in future periods.

Three Months Ended September 30, 2025, compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2024

Net Income: Net income for the third quarter of 2025 was $4.0 million compared to net income of $2.4 million for the third quarter of 2024, an increase of $1.6 million or 71.9 percent. Diluted earnings per share ("DEPS") of $0.64 for the third quarter of 2025 were higher compared to the DEPS of $0.35 for the third quarter of 2024. Net income for the third quarter of 2025 was positively impacted by higher interest income on loans, including a recapture of nonaccrual interest, partially offset by higher interest expense on deposits and wholesale borrowings. The quarter included an impairment on Mortgage Servicing Rights ("OMSR") of $0.3 million. Total noninterest income increased slightly compared to the prior year to $4.2 million. Mortgage loan volume was down slightly as compared to the prior year, however sales of originated mortgages were up 8.4 percent for the same period.

Provision for Credit Losses: The third quarter provision for credit losses was $124,000 as compared to a $200,000 provision for the prior year third quarter. The Company had net chargeoffs of $2,000 for the third quarter of 2025 compared to net chargeoffs of $27,000 for the year-ago quarter. The provision expense included $300,000 of growth-related provision, partially offset by a recapture of $176,000 for unfunded commitments. Total delinquent loans ended the quarter at $5.0 million, or 0.45 percent of total loans.

Asset Quality Review - For the Period Ended ($ in thousands)		September 30, 2025				September 30, 2024
Net chargeoffs - QTD/YTD		$	2/132			$	27/68
Nonaccruing loans			4,616				5,519
OREO / Other Assets Owned (OAO)			237				-
Non-performing assets			4,853				5,519
Non-performing assets/Total assets			0.32	%			0.40	%
Allowance for credit losses/Total loans			1.44	%			1.48	%
Allowance for credit losses/Non-performing loans			345.4	%			276.8	%

Consolidated Revenue: Operating revenue, consisting of net interest income ("NII") and noninterest income, was $16.6 million for the third quarter of 2025, an increase of $2.3 million, or 15.9 percent, from the $14.3 million generated during the third quarter of 2024.

NII for the third quarter of 2025 was $12.3 million, which was up $2.1 million from the prior year third quarter's $10.2 million. Comparing the third quarter of 2025 to the prior year third quarter, the Company's earning assets increased $120.0 million, and the average yield on earning assets increased by 18 basis points. The net interest margin for the third quarter of 2025 was 3.48 percent compared to 3.16 percent for the third quarter of 2024. Funding costs (interest paid to consumers and other entities) for deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities for the third quarter of 2025 were 2.33 percent compared to 2.52 percent for the prior year third quarter.

Total noninterest income was $4.2 million for the third quarter of 2025, which increased compared to $4.1 million for the prior year third quarter. Mortgage revenue increased during the third quarter of 2025, as detailed below, while wealth management revenue was up slightly compared to the prior year. Impairment of mortgage servicing rights decreased noninterest income by $0.3 million in the quarter, compared to an impairment of $0.46 million in the prior year third quarter. SBFG Title contributed revenue of $0.54 million in the third quarter of 2025, up $0.06 million from the prior year. Noninterest income as a percentage of average assets for the third quarter of 2025 was 1.12 percent compared to 1.19 percent for the prior year third quarter.

State Bank originated $67.6 million of mortgage loans during the third quarter of 2025 and sold $66.4 million, with $1.2 million of loans held for investment. This compares to $70.7 million originated for the third quarter of 2024, of which $61.3 million were sold with the remainder of loans held for investment. The third quarter 2025 originations and subsequent sales resulted in $1.3 million of gains, in line with the gains for the third quarter of 2024. Net mortgage banking revenue was $1.49 million for the third quarter of 2025 compared to $1.35 million for the third quarter of 2024.

Consolidated Noninterest Expense: Total noninterest expense for the third quarter of 2025 was $11.5 million, which was up $0.5 million compared to $11.0 million in the prior-year third quarter. The quarter included higher expenses related to increased mortgage activity and one-time professional fees that drove expenses higher.

Income Taxes: Income taxes for the third quarter of 2025 were $0.91 million (18.4 percent) compared to $0.75 million (24.2 percent) for the third quarter of 2024.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2025, compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2024

Net Income: Net income for the first nine months of 2025 was $10.1 million compared to net income of $7.8 million for the first nine months of 2024, an increase of $2.2 million, or 28.3 percent. DEPS of $1.56 for the first nine months of 2025 were 33.7 percent higher compared to DEPS of $1.17 for the first nine months of 2024. Net income for the first nine months of 2025 was positively impacted by higher interest income on loans, which was partially offset by higher interest expense on deposits and wholesale borrowings. Total noninterest income continues to improve and was up $0.9 million, or 7.5 percent, compared to the prior year first nine months. Mortgage loan volume was up $16.6 million, or 8.8 percent, compared to the prior year's first nine months. Included in the 2025 nine months results were $0.7 million of merger related expenses and nearly a full year's activity from the Marblehead acquisition.

Provision for Credit Losses: The provision for credit losses for the first nine months of 2025 was $1.1 million as compared to $0.2 million for the prior year first nine months. The Company had net chargeoffs of $132,000 for the first nine months of 2025 compared to net chargeoffs of $68,000 for the year-ago first nine months. The provision expense for the first nine months of 2025 included $134,000 for unfunded commitments, $224,000 due to the Marblehead acquisition and $750,000 of growth-related provision.

Consolidated Revenue: Operating revenue, consisting of NII and noninterest income, was $49.1 million for the first nine months of 2025, an increase of $7.7 million, or 18.5 percent, from the $41.5 million generated during the first nine months of 2024.

NII for the first nine months of 2025 was $35.7 million, which was up $6.7 million from NII of $29.0 million for the prior year first nine months. Comparing the first nine months of 2025 to the prior year's first nine months, the Company's earning assets increased $130.4 million, and the average yield on earning assets increased by 22 basis points. The net interest margin for the first nine months of 2025 was 3.44 percent compared to 3.08 percent for the first nine months of 2024. Funding costs (interest paid to consumers and other entities) for deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities for the first nine months of 2025 were 2.33 percent compared to 2.52 percent for the prior year first nine months.

Total noninterest income was $13.4 million for the first nine months of 2025, which increased by $0.9 million compared to $12.5 million for the prior year first nine months. Mortgage revenue increased for the first nine months of 2025, as detailed below, while wealth management revenue was flat compared to the prior year. Impairment of mortgage servicing rights decreased noninterest income by $0.13 million in the first nine months, compared to an impairment of $0.25 million in the prior year first nine months. SBFG Title contributed revenue of $1.52 million in the first nine months of 2025, up $0.37 million from the prior year. Noninterest income as a percentage of average assets was 1.20 percent for the first nine months ended September 30, 2025, compared to 1.23 percent for the prior year first nine months.

State Bank originated $205.3 million of mortgage loans during the first nine months of 2025 and sold $180.0 million, with $25.3 million of loans held for investment. This compares to $188.7 million originated for the first nine months of 2024, of which $153.7 million were sold with the remainder of loans held for investment. The first nine months 2025 originations and subsequent sales resulted in $3.7 million of gains, up $0.37 million from the gains for the first nine months of 2024. Net mortgage banking revenue was $5.11 million for the first nine months of 2025 compared to $4.76 million for the first nine months of 2024.

Consolidated Noninterest Expense: Total noninterest expense for the first nine months of 2025 was $35.8 million, which was up $3.8 million compared to $32.0 million in the prior-year first nine months. The 2025 first nine months included over $0.7 million in one-time merger-related expenses in addition to continued operational expenses related to Marblehead.

Income Taxes: Income taxes for the first nine months of 2025 were $2.22 million (18.1 percent) compared to $1.49 million (16.0 percent) for the first nine months of 2024.

Changes in Financial Condition

Total assets at September 30, 2025, were $1.50 billion, up $116.7 million, or 8.5 percent, since December 31, 2024. Total loans, net of unearned income, were $1.11 billion as of September 30, 2025, up $63.8 million, or 6.1 percent, from year-end. Total deposits at September 30, 2025, were $1.26 billion, an increase of $109.9 million, or 9.5 percent, since 2024 year end.

Borrowed funds (consisting of FHLB advances, repurchase ("REPO") agreements, trust preferred securities and subordinated debt) totaled $76.0 million at September 30, 2025. This was up slightly from year-end 2024 when borrowed funds totaled $75.6 million. Total shareholders' equity for the Company of $136.9 million now stands at 9.15 percent of total assets compared to the December 31, 2024, level of $127.5 million, or 9.24 percent of total assets. Adjusting for the temporary impairment of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, total equity would increase to $160.4 million, or 10.72 percent of total assets. The allowance for credit losses of $15.9 million is up $0.85 million from the December 2024 year-end level.

Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2025, based on the computations for the FFIEC 041 Consolidated Reports of Condition and Income filed by State Bank with the Federal Reserve Board, State Bank was classified as "well capitalized" under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, State Bank must maintain capital ratios as set forth in the table below. There are no conditions or events since September 30, 2025, that management believes have changed State Bank's capital classification.

State Bank's actual capital levels and ratios as of September 30, 2025, and December 31, 2024, are presented in the following table. Capital levels are presented for State Bank only as the Company is exempt from quarterly reporting on capital levels at the holding company level:

										For Capital Adequacy								To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action
		Actual								Purposes								Procedures
($ in thousands)		Amount				Ratio				Amount				Ratio				Amount				Ratio
As of September 30, 2025
Tier I Capital to average assets		$	151,901				10.08	%		$	60,279				4.0	%		$	75,349				5.0	%
Tier I Common equity capital to risk-weighted assets			151,901				12.48	%			54,771				4.5	%			79,113				6.5	%
Tier I Capital to risk-weighted assets			151,901				12.48	%			73,028				6.0	%			97,370				8.0	%
Total Risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets			167,142				13.73	%			97,370				8.0	%			121,713				10.0	%
As of December 31, 2024
Tier I Capital to average assets		$	156,122				11.09	%		$	56,290				4.0	%		$	70,363				5.0	%
Tier I Common equity capital to risk-weighted assets			156,122				13.43	%			52,297				4.5	%			75,541				6.5	%
Tier I Capital to risk-weighted assets			156,122				13.43	%			69,730				6.0	%			92,973				8.0	%
Total Risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets			170,672				14.69	%			92,973				8.0	%			116,216				10.0	%

Regulatory capital requirements commonly referred to as "Basel III" were fully phased in as of January 1, 2019, and are reflected in the capital table above. Management opted out of the accumulated other comprehensive income treatment under the new requirements and, as such, unrealized gains and losses from available-for-sale securities will continue to be excluded from State Bank's regulatory capital.

Liquidity

Liquidity relates primarily to the Company's ability to fund loan demand, meet deposit customers' withdrawal requirements and provide for operating expenses. Assets used to satisfy these needs consist of cash and due from banks, federal funds sold, interest-earning deposits in other financial institutions, securities available-for-sale and loans held for sale. These assets are commonly referred to as liquid assets. Liquid assets totaled $285.0 million at September 30, 2025, compared to $235.9 million at December 31, 2024.

Liquidity risk arises from the possibility that the Company may not be able to meet the Company's financial obligations and operating cash needs or may become overly reliant upon external funding sources. In order to manage this risk, the Board of Directors of the Company has established a Liquidity Policy that identifies primary sources of liquidity, establishes procedures for monitoring and measuring liquidity and quantifies minimum liquidity requirements. This policy designates the Asset/Liability Committee ("ALCO") as the body responsible for meeting these objectives. The ALCO reviews liquidity regularly and evaluates significant changes in strategies that affect balance sheet or cash flow positions. Liquidity is centrally managed on a daily basis by the Company's Chief Financial Officer and Asset Liability Manager.

The Company's commercial real estate, first mortgage residential, agricultural and multi-family mortgage portfolio of $909.6 million at September 30, 2025, and $852.6 million at December 31, 2024, which can and has been used to collateralize borrowings, is an additional source of liquidity. Management believes the Company's current liquidity level, without these borrowings, is sufficient to meet its liquidity needs. At September 30, 2025, all eligible commercial real estate, first mortgage residential, agricultural and multi-family mortgage loans were pledged under an FHLB blanket lien.

The cash flow statements for the periods presented provide an indication of the Company's sources and uses of cash, as well as an indication of the ability of the Company to maintain an adequate level of liquidity. A discussion of the cash flow statements for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024, follows.

The Company experienced positive cash flows from operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024. Net cash provided by operating activities was $15.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and $3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Highlights for the current year include $180.0 million in proceeds from the sale of loans, which is up $26.3 million from the prior year. Originations of loans held for sale was a use of cash of $175.9 million, which is up $17.6 million from the prior year . For the nine months ended September 30, 2025, there was a gain on sale of loans of $3.8 million, and depreciation and amortization on premises and equipment of $1.6 million.

The Company experienced negative cash flows from investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024. Net cash used by investing activities was $5.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and $14.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Highlights for the current year include an increase of $45.6 million in loans, which is up $15.8 million from the prior year nine-month period, and $3.0 million paid for the Marblehead acquisition, net of cash acquired. These cash payments were offset by $16.8 million in proceeds from maturing securities, and $30.1 million in proceeds from the sale of securities which were acquired from Marblehead.

The Company experienced positive cash flows from financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and September 30, 2024. Net cash provided by financing activities was $48.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, and $37.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2024. Highlights for the current period include a $46.7 million increase in transaction deposits and a $11.1 million increase in time deposits for the nine months ended September 30, 2025. This reflects a $33.0 million decrease in transaction deposits from the prior year nine-month period. Net repayments of Federal Home Loan Bank advances for the nine months ended September 30, 2025, were $1.0 million, compared to $48.6 million for the prior year nine-month period.

Off-Balance-Sheet Borrowing Arrangements:

Significant additional off-balance-sheet liquidity is available in the form of FHLB advances and unused federal funds lines from correspondent banks. Management expects the risk of changes in off-balance-sheet arrangements to be immaterial to earnings.

The Company's commercial real estate, first mortgage residential, agricultural and multi-family mortgage portfolios in the total amount of $909.6 million were pledged to meet FHLB collateralization requirements as of September 30, 2025. Based on the current collateralization requirements of the FHLB, the Company had approximately $162.8 million of additional borrowing capacity at September 30, 2025. The Company also had $44.2 million in unpledged securities available to pledge for additional borrowings.

The Company has contractual obligations consisting of long-term debt obligations and operating lease obligations. In addition, as of September 30, 2025, the Company had commitments to sell mortgage loans totaling $27.5 million. The Company believes that it has adequate resources to fund commitments as they arise and that it can adjust the rate on savings and time deposits to retain deposits in changing interest rate environments. If the Company requires funds beyond its internal funding capabilities, advances from the FHLB of Cincinnati and other financial institutions are available.

Asset Liability Management

Asset liability management involves developing, executing and monitoring strategies to maintain appropriate liquidity, maximize net interest income and minimize the impact that significant fluctuations in market interest rates would have on current and future earnings. The business of the Company and the composition of its balance sheet consist of investments in interest-earning assets (primarily loans, mortgage-backed securities, and securities available for sale) which are primarily funded by interest-bearing liabilities (deposits and borrowings). With the exception of specific loans which are originated and held for sale, all of the financial instruments of the Company are for other than trading purposes. All of the Company's transactions are denominated in U.S. dollars with no specific foreign exchange exposure. In addition, the Company has limited exposure to commodity prices related to agricultural loans. The impact of changes in foreign exchange rates and commodity prices on interest rates are assumed to be insignificant. The Company's financial instruments have varying levels of sensitivity to changes in market interest rates resulting in market risk. Interest rate risk is the Company's primary market risk exposure; to a lesser extent, liquidity risk also impacts market risk exposure.

Interest rate risk is the exposure of a banking institution's financial condition to adverse movements in interest rates. Accepting this risk can be an important source of profitability and shareholder value; however, excessive levels of interest rate risk could pose a significant threat to the Company's earnings and capital base. Accordingly, effective risk management that maintains interest rate risks at prudent levels is essential to the Company's safety and soundness.

Evaluating a financial institution's exposure to changes in interest rates includes assessing both the adequacy of the management process used to control interest rate risk and the organization's quantitative level of exposure. When assessing the interest rate risk management process, the Company seeks to ensure that appropriate policies, procedures, management information systems and internal controls are in place to maintain interest rate risks at prudent levels of consistency and continuity. Evaluating the quantitative level of interest rate risk exposure requires the Company to assess the existing and potential future effects of changes in interest rates on its consolidated financial condition, including capital adequacy, earnings, liquidity and asset quality (when appropriate).

The Federal Reserve Board together with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation adopted a Joint Agency Policy Statement on Interest Rate Risk effective June 26, 1996. The policy statement provides guidance to examiners and bankers on sound practices for managing interest rate risk, which will form the basis for ongoing evaluation of the adequacy of interest rate risk management at supervised institutions. The policy statement also outlines fundamental elements of sound management that have been identified in prior Federal Reserve Board guidance and discusses the importance of these elements in the context of managing interest rate risk. Specifically, the guidance emphasizes the need for active board of director and senior management oversight and a comprehensive risk management process that effectively identifies, measures and controls interest rate risk.

Financial institutions derive their income primarily from the excess of interest collected over interest paid. The rates of interest an institution earns on its assets and owes on its liabilities generally are established contractually for a period of time. Since market interest rates change over time, an institution is exposed to lower profit margins (or losses) if it cannot adapt to interest rate changes. For example, assume that an institution's assets carry intermediate or long-term fixed rates and that those assets are funded with short-term liabilities. If market interest rates rise by the time the short-term liabilities must be refinanced, the increase in the institution's interest expense on its liabilities may not be sufficiently offset if assets continue to earn at the long-term fixed rates. Accordingly, an institution's profits could decrease on existing assets because the institution will either have lower net interest income or possibly, net interest expense. Similar risks exist when assets are subject to contractual interest rate ceilings, or rate-sensitive assets are funded by longer-term, fixed-rate liabilities in a declining rate environment.

There are several ways an institution can manage interest rate risk including: 1) matching repricing periods for new assets and liabilities, for example, by shortening or lengthening terms of new loans, investments, or liabilities; 2) selling existing assets or repaying certain liabilities; and 3) hedging existing assets, liabilities, or anticipated transactions. An institution might also invest in more complex financial instruments intended to hedge or otherwise change interest rate risk. Interest rate swaps, futures contracts, options on futures contracts, and other such derivative financial instruments can be used for this purpose. Because these instruments are sensitive to interest rate changes, they require management's expertise to be effective. The Company does not currently utilize any derivative financial instruments to manage interest rate risk. As market conditions warrant, the Company may implement various interest rate risk management strategies, including the use of derivative financial instruments.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Management believes there has been no material change in the Company's market risk from the information contained in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") for the year ended December 31, 2024.