Hot drinks and heartburn could be raising your cancer risk

Esophageal cancer is on the rise in the United States, and experts say everyday habits may be playing a larger role than many people realize.

"Esophageal cancer often develops quietly over time, which is why prevention and early awareness are so important," says Aaron Saunders, MD, chief of the Division of Surgical Oncology at Loma Linda University Health.

Diet and daily habits play a role

While no single factor causes esophageal cancer, Saunders says a combination of diet and lifestyle patterns can increase risk.

"There's a strong correlation with obesity, and many of the same factors that contribute to obesity can also injure and inflame the esophagus," says Saunders.

Diet is one of the most important places to start. Even something as simple as how hot a drink is can matter.

"Consistently drinking beverages at very high temperatures can burn the lining of the esophagus, and over time that repeated injury can lead to damage and mutation," he says.

Tobacco and alcohol use also remain major contributors, particularly when combined, while diets high in pickled or preserved foods may add additional risk.

"It's not about eliminating everything," Saunders says. "It's about understanding the risk and making more balanced choices."

A common condition that can lead to cancer

One of the most significant and often overlooked risk factors is chronic acid reflux, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

"We've seen a clear shift," says Saunders. "Esophageal adenocarcinoma now accounts for about two-thirds of esophageal cancer cases in countries like the U.S., and overall, rates are increasing."

Over time, untreated reflux can damage the esophagus and lead to Barrett's esophagus, a condition that increases cancer risk.

"That process happens gradually; ongoing injury leads to changes in the cells, and over time those changes can become cancer," Saunders says.

Many patients may be able to manage symptoms with medication and without further evaluation, which in turn can delay detection.

"Sometimes people stay on medications even if symptoms aren't fully controlled, and that can lead to missed opportunities to catch early changes," he says.

Symptoms often start subtly

Early warning signs can be easy to dismiss, but recognizing them is critical.

"Difficulty swallowing is one of the most important symptoms," Saunders says. "Patients often feel like food is getting stuck, and it can progress from solid foods to softer foods and even liquids."

Persistent heartburn and unexplained weight loss should also prompt evaluation, typically through an endoscopy.

Why early detection matters

When caught early, esophageal cancer can sometimes be treated with minimally invasive procedures.

"If the tumor is limited to the inner lining, it may be possible to remove it endoscopically," Saunders says. "But it tends to become more serious fairly quickly, and treatment may then require surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or immunotherapy."

Even with advances in care, outcomes can be more challenging than other common cancers.

"We treat with curative intent whenever possible," he says. "But early detection is key."

Comprehensive care close to home

At Loma Linda University Health, treating esophageal cancer involves a coordinated, team-based approach.

"Most patients require multiple types of treatment, so having a multidisciplinary team is essential," Saunders says.

Care often includes surgeons, oncologists, and dietitians working together. That integrated approach allows for more personalized care, particularly in complex cases.

Reducing risk starts with awareness

While risk cannot be eliminated entirely, Saunders says small, consistent changes can make a difference.

"We can reduce our risk, even if we can't eliminate it," he says. "That starts with understanding what contributes to disease and making informed choices."

If you're experiencing persistent heartburn or difficulty swallowing, talk to your doctor. To learn more about esophageal cancer care or to schedule an appointment, visit Loma Linda University Cancer Center.