UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2025

or

For the transition period from __________ to __________

Commission File Number: 000-00255

Graybar Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q

For the Period Ended March 31, 2025

(Unaudited)

Table of Contents

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PART I FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

Graybar Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Graybar Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Graybar Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Graybar Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Graybar Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

The accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Graybar Electric Company, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

(Stated in millions, except share and per share data)

(Unaudited)

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS

Graybar Electric Company, Inc. ("Graybar", "Company", "we", "our", or "us") is a New York corporation, incorporated in 1925. We are engaged in the distribution of electrical, industrial, automation and connectivity products and are a provider of related supply chain management and logistics services. We primarily serve customers in the construction, commercial, institutional and government ("CIG"), and industrial & utility vertical markets, with products and services that support new construction, infrastructure updates, building renovation, facility maintenance, repair and operations ("MRO"), and original equipment manufacturers ("OEM"). In our primary role as third-party wholesale distributor, we neither manufacture nor contract to manufacture the products that we sell; however, one of our subsidiaries may contract to manufacture some of its private label lighting fixtures. Our business activity is primarily based in the United States ("U.S."). We also have subsidiary operations with distribution facilities in Canada and Puerto Rico.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Our accounting policies conform to generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. ("GAAP") and are applied on a consistent basis among all years presented. The full summary of our significant accounting policies is included in our latest Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Basis of Presentation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared by Graybar pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission applicable to interim financial reporting. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations, although we believe that our disclosures are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires the use of estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts. Our condensed consolidated financial statements include amounts that are based on management's best estimates and judgments. Actual results could differ from those estimates. These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in our latest Annual Report on Form 10-K.

In the opinion of management, this quarterly report includes all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring accruals and adjustments, necessary for the fair presentation of the condensed consolidated financial statements presented. Results for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the full year.

Principles of Consolidation

The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Graybar and our subsidiary companies. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. The ownership interests that are held by owners other than the Company are in subsidiaries owned by the Company and are accounted for and reported as noncontrolling interests.

New Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standard Update ("ASU" or "Update") 2023-07, "Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures," which requires public entities to provide enhanced disclosures of significant segment expenses and other segment items. Public entities with a single reportable segment must provide all the disclosures required by Topic 280, including the significant segment expense disclosures. The guidance requires public entities to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets that had been required annually. The guidance applies to all public entities and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. The guidance was applied retrospectively to all periods presented in the financial statements. The adoption of this Update did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" which is intended to enhance the transparency and decision usefulness of annual income tax disclosures. The guidance addresses investor requests for enhanced income tax information primarily through changes to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid

information. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact of this Update on our consolidated financial statements and expect expansion of our income tax footnote disclosures.

In March 2024, the SEC issued final climate-related disclosure rules requiring disclosure of material climate-related risks, board and management governance of such risks, and material direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions. Disclosures will be made prospectively, with phased-in effective dates starting with fiscal years beginning on or after January 1, 2025. The SEC voluntarily delayed the implementation of the climate-related disclosure rules in April 2024, pending review of the rules by the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. On February 11, 2025, the Acting Chairman of the SEC announced that he had directed the Commission staff to request the Court not to schedule the case for argument in order to provide time for the Commission to determine appropriate next steps in the case. We are currently evaluating the impact that these rules could have on our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-04, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses" which requires public business entities to disclose, on an annual and interim basis, disaggregated information about certain income statement expense line items. Public business entities are required to disclose purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, intangible asset amortization and depletion for each income statement line item that contains those expenses. Specified expenses, gains or losses that are already disclosed under existing GAAP are required to be included in the disaggregated income statement expense line item disclosures, and any remaining amounts need to be described qualitatively. Separate disclosures of total selling expenses and an entity's definition of those expenses are also required. The guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and for interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. The guidance is required to be applied prospectively and may be applied retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact of this Update and will adopt it beginning in our December 31, 2027 consolidated financial statements.

3. REVENUE

The following table summarizes the percentages of our net sales attributable to each of our vertical markets for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

We had nomaterial contract assets, contract liabilities, or deferred contract costs recorded on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. In addition, for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, revenue recognized in the reporting period that was included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of the period was not material.

4. INCOME TAXES

Our total provision for income taxes was $35.5million and $36.8million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, and 2024, respectively. We record our income tax provision using a full-year forecasted methodology, including discrete items in the period in which they occur. Our year-to-date effective tax rate was 26.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to 25.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

In 2021, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("OECD") introduced a framework, referred to as Pillar Two, creating a 15% global minimum effective tax rate for large multinational corporations. Pillar Two legislation has been enacted or substantively enacted in certain jurisdictions in which the Company operates, effective beginning January 1, 2024. The Pillar Two effective rates in all jurisdictions in which the Company operates are above 15%, and management is not currently aware of any circumstances under which this might change. Accordingly, based upon 2025 results and reporting structure, no top-up taxes have been recorded.

Our federal income tax returns for the tax years 2021 and forward are available for examination by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ("IRS"). The statute of limitations for the 2021 federal return will expire on October 15, 2025, unless extended by consent. Our state income tax returns for 2020 through 2024 remain subject to examination by various state authorities with the latest period

closing on December 31, 2029. We have not extended the statutes of limitations in any state jurisdictions with respect to years prior to 2020.

5. DEBT

Revolving Credit Facility

At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we, along with Graybar Canada Limited, our Canadian operating subsidiary ("Graybar Canada"), had an unsecured, five-year, $750.0million committed revolving credit agreement maturing in August 2026with Bank of America, N.A. and the other lenders named therein (the "Credit Agreement"), which included a combined letter of credit sub-facility of up to $25.0million, a U.S. swing-line loan facility of up to $75.0million, and a Canadian swing-line loan facility of up to $20.0million. The Credit Agreement included a $100.0million sublimit (in U.S. or Canadian dollars) available for borrowings by Graybar Canada. Our borrowing availability under the facility is reduced by the amount of borrowings by Graybar Canada, but we may use the sublimit amount to increase our borrowings, to the extent available. If we were to use available borrowings under the Credit Agreement that included the sublimit amount, then Graybar Canada's available capacity would be reduced by our use of such amount. The Credit Agreement contained an accordion feature, which allowed us to request increases in the aggregate borrowing commitments of up to $375.0million.

We were in compliance with all covenants under the Credit Agreement as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

At March 31, 2025, we had total debt of $2.1million, of which $1.2million was long-term debt. At December 31, 2024, we had total debt of $2.2million, of which $1.3million was long-term debt. There were noshort-term borrowings as of March 31, 2025, compared to short-term borrowings of $22.0million at December 31, 2024 under the Credit Agreement.

Short-term borrowings outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2025 ranged from noshort-term borrowings to a maximum of $37.0million. Short-term borrowings outstanding during the three months ended March 31, 2024 ranged from noshort-term borrowings to a maximum of $38.0million.

At March 31, 2025, we had unused lines of credit under the Credit Agreement amounting to $745.9million available, compared to $724.2million at December 31, 2024. These lines are available to meet our short-term cash requirements and are subject to annual fees of up to 40 basis points (0.40%).

We had interest income, net of $0.3million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to interest income, net of $0.5million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Private Placement Shelf Agreements

We have an uncommitted, unsecured $200.0million private placement shelf agreement (the "Prudential Shelf Agreement") with PGIM, Inc., which is expected to allow us to issue senior promissory notes to affiliates of PGIM, Inc. at fixed rate terms to be agreed upon at the time of any issuance during a three-yearissuance period ending in August 2026.

We also have an uncommitted, unsecured $200.0million private placement shelf agreement (the "MetLife Shelf Agreement") with MetLife Investment Management, LLC (formerly known as MetLife Investment Advisors, LLC), and MetLife Investment Management Limited (collectively, "MetLife") and each other MetLife affiliate that becomes a party to the agreement. The MetLife Shelf Agreement is expected to allow us to issue senior promissory notes to MetLife at fixed or floating rate economic terms to be agreed upon at the time of any issuance during a three-year period ending in June 2027, and thereafter, for successive three-yearperiods until either party notifies the other party at least 30 days prior to the then applicable stated period end date of its intent not to extend.

We remain obligated under a most favored lender clause which is designed to ensure that any notes in the future under the Prudential Shelf Agreement and MetLife Shelf Agreement will continue to be of equal ranking with indebtedness under our Credit Agreement.

Nonotes have been issued under either the Prudential Shelf Agreement or the MetLife Shelf Agreement as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Each shelf agreement contains representations and warranties of the Company and the applicable lender, events of default and affirmative and negative covenants, customary for agreements of this type. These covenants are substantially similar to those contained in the Credit Agreement, subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications set forth in the applicable shelf agreement.

All outstanding obligations of Graybar under one or both of these agreements may be declared immediately due and payable upon the occurrence of an event of default.

We were in compliance with all covenants under the Prudential Shelf Agreement and the MetLife Shelf Agreement as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

Letters of Credit

We had total letters of credit of $9.8million outstanding as of March 31, 2025, of which $4.1million were issued under the Credit Agreement. We had total letters of credit of $9.6million as of December 31, 2024, of which $3.8million were issued under the Credit Agreement. The letters of credit are issued primarily to support certain workers' compensation insurance policies and support performance under certain customer contracts.

6. PENSION AND OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS

We have a noncontributory defined benefit pension plan (the "Pension Plan") covering substantially all employees first hired prior to July 1, 2015 after the completion of one year of service and 1,000 hours of service. The Pension Plan provides retirement benefits based on an employee's final average earnings and years of service. A supplemental benefit plan provides nonqualified pension benefits for compensation in excess of the IRS compensation limits applicable to the Pension Plan and eligible compensation deferred by a participant.

Our funding policy is to make contributions to the Pension Plan, provided that the total annual contributions will not be less than the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 ("ERISA") and the Pension Protection Act of 2006 minimums or greater than the maximum tax-deductible amount, to review the contribution and funding strategy on a regular basis, and to allow discretionary contributions to be made by us from time to time. The assets of the Pension Plan are invested primarily in fixed income investments and equity securities. We pay nonqualified pension benefits when they are due according to the terms of the supplemental benefit plan. We have an employee deferred compensation trust to meet funding obligations for nonqualified pension benefits to certain participants in the supplemental benefit plan. The assets of the employee deferred compensation trust are invested in highly liquid money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities.

We provide certain postretirement healthcare and life insurance benefits to retired employees. Substantially all of our employees hired or rehired prior to 2014 may become eligible for postretirement medical benefits if they reach the age and service requirements of the retiree medical plan and retire on a pension (except a deferred pension) under the Pension Plan. Postretirement life insurance benefits are insured through an insurance company. We fund postretirement benefits as incurred, and accordingly, there were noassets held in the postretirement benefits plan at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

The net periodic benefit cost for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024 included the following components:

We made qualified and nonqualified pension contributions totaling $12.6million during the three-months ended March 31, 2025 and contributions totaling $11.1million during the three-months ended March 31, 2024. Additional contributions of $30.0million are expected to be paid during the remainder of 2025, but may change at our discretion.

7. CAPITAL STOCK

Our common stock is 100% owned by active and retired employees, and there is no public trading market for our common stock. Since 1928, substantially all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock have been held of record by voting trustees under successive voting trust agreements. A new Voting Trust Agreement was established effective March 3, 2017, which expires by its terms on March 1, 2027 because under applicable New York law, a voting trust may not have a term greater than ten years. At March 31, 2025, approximately 83% of our outstanding common stock was held in the voting trust. The participation of shareholders in the voting trust is voluntary at the time the voting trust is created, but is irrevocable during its term. Shareholders who elect not to participate in the voting trust hold their common stock as shareholders of record. Shareholders may elect to participate in the voting trust at any time during the term of the voting trust.

No holder of our common stock or voting trust interests representing our common stock ("common stock", "common shares", or "shares") may sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of any shares without first offering us the option to purchase those shares at the price at which they were issued. We also have the option to purchase at the issue price the common shares of any shareholder who ceases to be an employee for any reason other than death or "retirement" (as defined in our amended restated certificate of incorporation), and on the first anniversary of any holder's death. In the past, we have always exercised these purchase options, and we expect to continue to do so in the foreseeable future. However, we can make no assurance that we will continue to exercise our purchase option in the future. All outstanding shares have been issued at $20.00per share.

Cash dividends paid were $9.8million and $9.7million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

We also have authorized 10,000,000shares of Delegated Authority Preferred Stock ("preferred stock"), par value one cent ($0.01). The preferred stock may be issued in one or more series, with the designations, relative rights, preferences, and limitations of shares of each such series being fixed by a resolution of our Board of Directors. There were noshares of preferred stock outstanding at March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024.

8. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

The following table represents amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

The following table represents the activity included in accumulated other comprehensive loss for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

9. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

We are subject to various claims, disputes, and administrative and legal matters incidental to our past and current business activities. As a result, contingencies arise resulting from an existing condition, situation, or set of circumstances involving an uncertainty as to the realization of a possible loss.

We have in place insurance coverage for litigation defense and claim settlement costs incurred in connection with our asbestos claims. We estimate the value of probable insurance recoveries associated with our asbestos reserve based on management's interpretations and estimates surrounding the available or applicable insurance coverage. We estimate the future payments for litigation defense and claim settlement costs based on our historical liabilities and current and projected caseloads. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we had $2.7million and $39.6million of insurance receivables recorded in other current assets and other non-current assets, respectively, and $2.7million and $39.6million recorded in other current liabilities and other non-current liabilities, respectively, related to our asbestos litigation defense and claims settlement reserve.

Estimated loss contingencies are accrued only if the loss is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. With respect to a particular loss contingency, it may be probable that a loss has occurred but the estimate of the loss is a wide range. If we deem an amount within the range to be a better estimate than any other amount within the range, that amount will be accrued. However, if no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the minimum amount of the range is accrued. While we believe that none of these claims, disputes, administrative, and legal matters will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, these matters are uncertain and we cannot at this time determine whether the financial impact, if any, of these matters will be material to our results of operations in the period in which such matters are resolved or a better estimate becomes available.

Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, and our audited consolidated financial statements, notes thereto, and Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for such period as filed with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the "Commission"). The results shown herein are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected in any future periods.

Certain statements, other than purely historical information, including estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives, and expected operating results, and the assumptions upon which those statements are based, are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the "PSLRA"), Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words "believes", "projects", "expects", "anticipates", "estimates", "intends", "strategy", "plan", "may", "will", "would",

"will be", "will continue", "will likely result", and other similar expressions. We intend such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe-harbor provisions for forward-looking statements contained in the PSLRA. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Our ability to predict results or the actual effect of future plans or strategies is inherently uncertain. Factors which could have a material adverse impact on our operations and future prospects on a consolidated basis include, but are not limited to: general economic conditions, particularly in the commercial, industrial building, and residential construction industries; a sustained interruption in the operation of our information systems; business interruption due to our ERP system upgrade; cyber-attacks; volatility in the prices of industrial commodities; increased funding requirements and expenses related to our pension plan; disruptions in our sources of supply; the inability, or limitations on our ability, to borrow under our existing credit facilities or any replacements thereof; adverse legal proceedings or other claims; compliance with changing governmental regulations; a pandemic, epidemic, or other public health emergency; and the inability, or limitations on our ability, to raise debt or equity capital. These risks and uncertainties should also be considered in evaluating forward-looking statements and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements. We undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless otherwise required by applicable securities law. Further information concerning our business, including additional factors that could materially impact our financial results, is included herein and in our other filings with the Commission. Actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from the forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, a number of which are outlined in Item 1A., "Risk Factors", of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

All dollar amounts, except per share data, are stated in millions in the following discussion and accompanying tables.

Background

Graybar Electric Company, Inc. ("Graybar", "Company", "we", "our", or "us") is a New York corporation, incorporated in 1925. We are engaged in the distribution of electrical, industrial, automation and connectivity products and are a provider of related supply chain management and logistics services. We primarily serve customers in the construction, commercial, institutional and government ("CIG"), and industrial & utility vertical markets, with products and services that support new construction, infrastructure updates, building renovation, facility maintenance, repair and operations ("MRO"), and original equipment manufacturers ("OEM"). In our primary role as third-party wholesale distributor, we neither manufacture nor contract to manufacture the products that we sell; however, one of our subsidiaries may contract to manufacture some of its private label lighting fixtures. Our business activity is primarily based in the United States ("U.S."). We also have subsidiary operations with distribution facilities in Canada and Puerto Rico.

Our common stock is 100% owned by active and retired employees, and there is no public trading market for our common stock. No holder of our common stock or voting trust interests representing our common stock ("common stock", "common shares", or "shares") may sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of any shares without first offering us the option to purchase those shares at the price at which they were issued. We also have the option to purchase at the issue price the common shares of any shareholder who ceases to be an employee for any reason other than death or "retirement" (as defined in our amended restated certificate of incorporation), and on the first anniversary of any holder's death. In the past, we have always exercised these purchase options, and we expect to continue to do so in the foreseeable future. However, we can make no assurance that we will continue to exercise our purchase option in the future. All outstanding shares have been issued at $20.00 per share.

Business Overview

Net sales for the first quarter ended March 31, 2025 totaled $2,949.8 million, compared to $2,732.7 million for the first quarter of 2024, an increase of $217.1 million, or 7.9%. Gross margin for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased $27.0 million, or

4.9%, to $575.0 million, compared to gross margin of $548.0 million for the same three-month period ended March 31, 2024. Our gross margin rate was 19.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to 20.1% for the same three-month period of 2024, decreasing primarily due to competitive pricing pressures.

Selling, general and administrative ("SG&A") expenses increased $29.7 million, or 7.6%, to $422.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025 from $392.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, primarily due to higher compensation and employee benefit expenses, higher rent and maintenance expenses, as well as planned increases in professional fees and information technology ("IT") expenses associated with our multi-year, strategic business transformation project ("Graybar Connect"). SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales decreased to 14.3% for the first quarter of 2025, compared to 14.4% for the same quarter in 2024.

As a result of the increase in SG&A expenses, income from operations decreased $4.5 million, or 3.2%, to $138.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, from $142.7 million for the same three-month period last year. Net income attributable to Graybar decreased by $4.3 million, or 4.1%, to $100.9 million for the first quarter of 2025 compared to $105.2 million for the same three-month period last year.

Amid ongoing economic uncertainty, we continue to see demand for our products and services, particularly in areas such as data centers, electrification and industrial automation. We remain focused on serving our customers and managing our business wisely, as we work to transform our company for future success. We believe our strategic investments in Graybar Connect will provide a robust technology and process framework to support our long-term growth and profitability, while enhancing the customer experience and solidifying our position as an industry leader.

Consolidated Results of Operations

Three Months Ended March 31, 2025 Compared to Three Months Ended March 31, 2024

The following table sets forth certain information relating to our operations stated in millions of dollars and as a percentage of net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Net sales increased to $2,949.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $2,732.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $217.1 million, or 7.9%. Net sales in our construction, CIG, and industrial & utility vertical markets increased by 9.2%, 5.1%, and 7.5%, respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same three-month period of 2024.

Gross margin increased $27.0 million, or 4.9%, to $575.0 million from $548.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the same period of 2024. Our gross margin as a percentage of net sales was 19.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, down from 20.1% for the same three-month period in 2024 primarily due to competitive pricing pressures.

SG&A expenses increased $29.7 million, or 7.6%, to $422.3 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $392.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, mainly due to higher compensation and employee benefit expenses, higher

rent and maintenance expenses, and planned increases in professional fees and IT expenses associated with Graybar Connect. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales were 14.3% for the three months ended March 31, 2025, down from 14.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Depreciation and amortization for the three months ended March 31, 2025 increased $1.8 million, or 9.3%, to $21.1 million from $19.3 million for the same three-month period in 2024 primarily due to higher amortization expense of intangible assets and an increase in depreciation expense due to an increase in property, at cost.

Income before provision for income taxes totaled $136.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, a decrease of $5.7 million, or 4.0%, from $142.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to an increase in SG&A expenses, partially offset by our increase in gross margin.

Our total provision for income taxes decreased $1.3 million, or 3.5%, to $35.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $36.8 million for the same period in 2024. The decrease in our provision for income taxes year over year resulted from decreased pretax income. Our year-to-date effective tax rate was 26.0% for the three months ended March 31, 2025 compared to 25.9% for 2024. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was higher than the 21.0% U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to state, local, and foreign income taxes.

Net income attributable to Graybar Electric Company, Inc. for the three-month period ended March 31, 2025 decreased $4.3 million, or 4.1%, to $100.9 million from $105.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Financial Condition and Liquidity

We manage our liquidity and capital levels so that we have the capability to invest in the growth of our business, meet debt service obligations, finance anticipated capital expenditures, finance information technology needs, pay dividends, make benefit payments, fund acquisitions, and finance other miscellaneous cash outlays. We believe that maintaining a strong company financial condition enables us to competitively access multiple financing channels and invest in strategic long-term growth plans.

We have historically funded our working capital requirements using cash flows generated from the collection of trade receivables and trade accounts payable terms with our suppliers, supplemented by short-term borrowings on our revolving credit facility, if necessary. Acquisitions and capital expenditures have been financed primarily with cash from working capital management and short-term borrowings on our revolving credit facility.

Our cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 were $250.5 million, compared to $90.4 million at December 31, 2024, an increase of $160.1 million. The increase in cash on hand at March 31, 2025 from December 31, 2024 is reflective of strong cash flows from operating activities as a result of effective working capital management. As a result, we had no short-term borrowings at March 31, 2025 compared to short-term borrowings of $22.0 million under the Credit Agreement at December 31, 2024. Current assets exceeded current liabilities by $1,160.8 million at March 31, 2025, an increase of $86.6 million, or 8.1%, from $1,074.2 million at December 31, 2024.

Operating Activities

Net cash flows provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was $182.7 million, compared to net cash flows provided by operating activities of $165.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $17.4 million, or 10.5%. Net cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was primarily attributable to net income of $101.1 million, adjusted for non-cash depreciation and amortization expenses of $21.1 million, and an increase in trade accounts payable of $163.6 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, partially offset by an increase in trade receivables of $69.1 million and a decrease in accrued payroll and benefit costs of $54.0 million from December 31, 2024 to March 31, 2025.

The average number of days of sales in trade receivables for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 increased moderately compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2024. The days in inventory improved moderately for the quarter ended March 31, 2025 compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2024.

Investing Activities

Net cash used by investing activities totaled $0.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to net cash used by investing activities of $92.5 million for the same three-month period in 2024, a decrease of $91.6 million. Cash used by investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 was the result of capital expenditures of $14.9 million and amounts attributable to acquisitions of $2.2 million, partially offset by insurance proceeds received from a property claim of $10.4 million and proceeds

from the disposal of property of $5.8 million. Cash used by investing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2024 was the result of amounts attributable to acquisitions of $84.1 million and capital expenditures of $21.3 million, partially offset by proceeds from the disposal of property of $12.9 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash used by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2025 totaled $21.7 million, compared to net cash used by financing activities of $3.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2024, an increase of $17.8 million. The increase in cash used was primarily due to net payments on short-term borrowings of $22.0 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to no net change in short-term borrowings for the three months ended March 31, 2024. Cash dividends paid were $9.8 million during the three months ended March 31, 2025, compared to $9.7 million during the three months ended March 31, 2024.

Liquidity

Our cash and cash equivalents at March 31, 2025 were $250.5 million, compared to $90.4 million at December 31, 2024. We also had a $750.0 million unsecured, committed revolving credit facility ("Credit Agreement") with $745.9 million in available capacity at March 31, 2025, compared to available capacity of $724.2 million at December 31, 2024. At March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, we also had two uncommitted, unsecured private placement shelf agreements ("Shelf Agreements"). One of the Shelf Agreements is expected to allow us to issue senior promissory notes up to $200.0 million to PGIM, Inc. at fixed rate terms to be agreed upon at the time of any issuance during a three-year issuance period ending in August 2026. Our other Shelf Agreement is expected to allow us to issue senior promissory notes up to $200.0 million to MetLife Investment Management, LLC, and MetLife Investment Management Limited (collectively, "MetLife") and each other MetLife affiliate that becomes party to the agreement at fixed or floating rate economic terms to be agreed upon at the time of any issuance during a three-year issuance period ending in June 2027, and thereafter, for successive three-year periods until either party notifies the other party at least 30 days prior to the then applicable stated period end date of its intent not to extend.

We have not issued any notes under the Shelf Agreements as of March 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. For further discussion related to our Credit Agreement and our Shelf Agreements, refer to Note 5, "Debt", of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements located in Item 1., "Financial Statements", of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We had total letters of credit of $9.8 million outstanding at March 31, 2025, of which $4.1 million were issued under the Credit Agreement. We had total letters of credit of $9.6 million at December 31, 2024, of which $3.8 million were issued under the Credit Agreement. The letters of credit are issued primarily to support certain workers' compensation insurance policies and support performance under certain customer contracts.

New Accounting Standards Updates

Our adoption of new accounting standards is discussed in Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies", of the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements located in Item 1., "Financial Statements", of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

There have been no material changes in the policies, procedures, controls, or risk profile from those provided in Item 7A., "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk", of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of March 31, 2025, was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management. Based on that evaluation, our management, including the Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the reports filed or submitted by us under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms.

(b) Changes in internal control over financial reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that have materially affected, or are likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Our common stock is 100% owned by active and retired employees, and there is no public trading market for our common stock. Since 1928, substantially all of the issued and outstanding shares of common stock have been held of record by voting trustees under successive voting trust agreements. A new Voting Trust Agreement was established effective March 3, 2017, which expires by its terms on March 1, 2027, because under applicable New York law, a voting trust may not have a term greater than ten years. At March 31, 2025, approximately 83% of our outstanding common stock was held in the voting trust. The participation of shareholders in the voting trust is voluntary at the time the voting trust is created, but is irrevocable during its term. Shareholders who elect not to participate in the voting trust hold their common stock as shareholders of record. Shareholders may elect to participate in the voting trust at any time during the term of the voting trust.

No holder of our common stock or voting trust interests representing our common stock ("common stock", "common shares", or "shares") may sell, transfer, or otherwise dispose of any shares without first offering us the option to purchase those shares at the price at which they were issued. We also have the option to purchase at the issue price the common shares of any shareholder who ceases to be an employee for any cause other than death or "retirement" (as defined in our amended restated certificate of incorporation), and on the first anniversary of any holder's death. In the past, we have always exercised these purchase options, and we expect to continue to do so in the foreseeable future. However, we can make no assurance that we will continue to exercise our purchase option in the future. All outstanding shares have been issued at $20.00 per share.

The following table sets forth information regarding purchases of common stock by the Company, all of which were made pursuant to the foregoing provisions:

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Item 5. Other Information.

(c)None of the Company's directors or officers adoptedor terminateda Rule 10b5-1trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1trading arrangement during the Company's fiscal quarter ended March 31, 2025. Such arrangements would not apply to the Company because no holder of our shares may sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of our shares without first offering the Company the option to purchase those shares at the price at which they were issued.

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Item 6. Exhibits.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

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