Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2025 (Form 10-K)

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared with the year ended December 31, 2024. This comparison should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under "Risk Factors" included in Part I, Item 1A or in other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. For a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023, see Part II, Item 7, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" included in the 2024 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 26, 2025.

OVERVIEW

We are a global provider of infrastructure solutions for communication, data center and entertainment networks. Our solutions for wired and wireless networks enable service providers, including cable, telephone and digital broadcast satellite operators and media programmers, to deliver media, voice, Internet Protocol (IP) data services and Wi-Fi to their subscribers and allow enterprises to experience constant wireless and wired connectivity across complex and varied networking environments. Our solutions are complemented by services including technical support, systems design and integration. We are a leader in digital video and IP television distribution systems, broadband access infrastructure platforms and equipment that delivers data and voice networks to homes. Our global leadership position is built upon innovative technology, broad solution offerings, high-quality and cost-effective customer solutions, and global manufacturing and distribution scale.

Since 2021, we have been engaged in a transformation initiative designed to drive shareholder value through three pillars: profitable growth, operational efficiency and portfolio optimization. We continue to focus on driving operational efficiencies and other cost savings initiatives, as well as portfolio optimization, all of which enabled us to take advantage of the recovery in demand that we started to see beginning in late 2024 and continuing through 2025. We continue to analyze the impacts of the recently announced tariffs under the current U.S. administration; however, we believe we have a manageable plan in place to prepare for potential impacts. Our approach of focusing on matters in our control has driven improved results in 2025 and will remain our focus into 2026. As a result, we incurred $19.7 million, $36.7 million and $29.4 million of net restructuring costs and $29.9 million, $63.4 million and $27.1 million of transaction, transformation and integration costs during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively, primarily related to our transformation initiative. We expect to continue to incur such costs during 2026 as we continue executing on our transformation initiative, and the resulting charges and cash requirements could be material.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we executed several strategic transactions that are further described in Note 3 and Note 4 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These transactions included the acquisition of certain assets of Casa Systems, Inc. (Casa), as well as multiple divestitures, including the Home business, the Outdoor Wireless Networks (OWN) segment, the Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) business unit, the OneCell business, and the Connectivity and Cable Solutions (CCS) segment. Several of these divestitures met the criteria for discontinued operations under Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) 205-20, Presentation of Financial Statements-Discontinued Operations and "held for sale" classification under ASC 360-10, Impairment and Disposal of Long Lived Assets.Detailed financial information, gain or loss recognition, held for sale measurements, and the related balance sheet, statement of operations, and statement of cash flow impacts are included within those notes.

Segment Renaming

Effective April 1, 2025, following the divestiture of the DAS business unit, we renamed our Networking, Intelligent Cellular & Security Solutions (NICS) segment to RUCKUS. The name change did not impact our operating or reportable segment structure, chief operating decision maker (CODM) reporting, or historical segment results. Historical activities occurring prior to the effective date are referenced under the former NICS name.

In connection with the divestiture of the CCS segment, and effective upon the closing of that transaction on January 9, 2026, we renamed our Access Network Solutions (ANS) segment to Aurora Networks (Aurora). The name change did not alter our operating or reportable segments, the information reviewed by the CODM, or previously reported segment results. Historical activities occurring prior to the effective date are referenced under the former ANS name.

Operating Segment Realignments

To better align product oversight with how the business is managed:

All prior periods presented have been recast to reflect these organizational changes.

Unless otherwise noted, the following discussions relate solely to our continuing operations. As a result, we are reporting financial performance based on the following remaining reportable segments: RUCKUS and Aurora. For further discussion of the discontinued operations related to our CCS segment, OWN segment, DAS business unit and Home business, see Note 4 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Our continuing operations results include general corporate costs that were previously allocated to the CCS segment, OWN segment and DAS business unit. These indirect costs, reflected on the corporate and other line item within our segment information below, are classified as continuing operations, since the costs were not directly attributable to these discontinued operations. Beginning in the first quarter of 2025, the corporate and other costs related to the OWN segment and DAS business unit have been reallocated to our remaining segments and partially offset by income from our transition service agreement with Amphenol Corporation (Amphenol TSA). The corporate and other costs related to the CCS segment will be reallocated to our remaining segments beginning in the first quarter of 2026.

Additionally, below we refer to certain supplementary Core financial measures, which reflect the results of the RUCKUS and Aurora segments, in the aggregate, and exclude general corporate costs that were previously allocated to the CCS segment, OWN segment and DAS business unit, since these costs were not directly attributable to the discontinued operations. The Core results represent the business results as currently managed and reported by the Company. Future results and the composition of any business divested in the future may vary and differ materially from the presentation of the Core financial measures. See the "Segment Results" section below for the aggregation of our Core financial measures.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Comparison of results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 with the year ended December 31, 2024

Net sales

Net sales in 2025 increased $549.0 million, or 39.7%, compared to the prior year primarily driven by increased sales volumes, partially offset by lower pricing and unfavorable product mix. The increase was driven by higher net sales in the Aurora segment of $396.9 million and the RUCKUS segment of $152.6 million. For further details by segment, see "Segment Results" below.

From a regional perspective in 2025, net sales increased in the U.S. by $458.2 million, the Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) region by $64.8 million, the Asia Pacific (APAC) region by $30.0 million and Canada by $5.5 million, partially offset by a decrease in the Caribbean and Latin American (CALA) region by $9.5 million. Net sales to customers located outside of the U.S. comprised 28.5% of total net sales for 2025 compared to 33.3% for 2024. Foreign exchange rate changes did not have a material impact on our net sales during 2025. For additional information on regional sales by segment, see discussion of Segment Results below and Note 17 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Gross profit, TSA income, SG&A expense and R&D expense

Gross profit (net sales less cost of sales)

Gross profit increased in 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to higher net sales volumes, partially offset by lower pricing, unfavorable product mix and higher input costs.

Transition service agreement income (TSA)

TSA income is related to the Amphenol TSA executed in conjunction with the closing of the transactions to divest of the OWN segment and DAS business unit and the OneCell business, as well as the TSA we entered into with Vantiva in conjunction with the closing of the transaction to divest of the Home business. Under the TSAs, we provide and receive certain post-closing support on a transitional basis. As of the year ended December 31, 2024, the majority of the Vantiva TSA services had ceased. For additional information related to the TSAs, see Note 4 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Selling, general and administrative expense

For 2025, selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense increased by $25.4 million compared to 2024, primarily due to higher variable incentive compensation expense of $42.0 million and higher realization of cost savings in the prior year related to our transformation initiative, partially offset by lower transaction, transformation and integration costs of $33.5 million.

Research and development expense

Research and development (R&D) expense for 2025 increased by $36.0 million due to higher spending within both the RUCKUS and Aurora segments, but decreased as a percentage of sales, compared to the prior year. R&D activities generally involve ensuring that our products are capable of meeting the evolving technological needs of our customers, bringing new products to market and modifying existing products to better serve our customers.

Amortization of purchased intangible assets, Restructuring costs, net and Other

Amortization of purchased intangible assets

The amortization of purchased intangible assets was lower in 2025 compared to the prior year because certain of our intangible assets became fully amortized.

Restructuring costs, net

The net restructuring costs recorded in 2025 were primarily related to our transformation initiative. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our net restructuring costs were $19.7 million and we paid $9.5 million to settle restructuring liabilities. We expect to make cash payments of $4.6 million in 2026 and $0.3 million during 2027 to settle our transformation restructuring actions. Additional restructuring actions related to our transformation initiative are expected to be identified, and the resulting charges and cash requirements could be material.

Other

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the change in other represents the pretax loss of $4.8 million on the sale of our OneCell business to Amphenol, which was completed in May 2025. For additional information related to the disposal of our OneCell business, see Note 4 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Other income (expense), net

Foreign currency gain (loss)

Foreign currency gain (loss) includes the net foreign currency gains and losses resulting from the settlement of receivables and payables, foreign currency contracts and short-term intercompany advances in a currency other than the subsidiary's functional currency. The change in foreign currency gain (loss) in 2025 compared to 2024 was primarily driven by certain unhedged currencies.

Other income (expense), net

The change in other income (expense), net in 2025 compared to 2024 was not significant.

Interest expense, Interest income and Income taxes

Interest expense

In connection with the sale of the CCS segment that was completed subsequent to the fiscal year end on January 9, 2026, we repaid our third-party debt at closing, and all interest expense was reported within discontinued operations. However, we expect to incur interest expense in the future.

Interest income

The change in interest income in 2025 compared to 2024 was not significant.

Income tax benefit

On July 4, 2025, President Trump signed into law the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). The OBBBA makes permanent key elements of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, including 100% bonus depreciation, domestic research cost expensing and expansions to the business interest expense limitation. The effects of OBBBA are reflected in the consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2025.

For 2025, we recognized an income tax benefit of $269.4 million on pretax income of $54.9 million. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our income taxes were less than the statutory rate of 21% due to $259.8 million of tax benefit from the release of a valuation allowance as well as the tax benefit associated with federal tax credits. Offsetting these benefits for the year ended December 31, 2025, were non-deductible employee compensation expense of $25.6 million and the unfavorable impacts of U.S. anti-deferral provisions. See Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more discussion of our income taxes.

For 2024, we recognized an income tax benefit of $66.9 million on a pretax loss of $272.9 million. Our tax benefit was more than the statutory rate of 21.0% in 2024 primarily due to tax benefits related to federal tax credits. Our tax benefit was also impacted unfavorably by the U.S. anti-deferral provisions.

Segment Results

RUCKUS

Net sales for the RUCKUS segment increased in 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to higher sales volumes and pricing. From a regional perspective in 2025, net sales increased in the U.S. by $91.1 million, the EMEA region by $37.5 million, the APAC region by $19.3 million, Canada by $4.2 million and the CALA region by $0.5 million compared to the prior year. Foreign exchange rate changes did not have a material impact on RUCKUS segment net sales during 2025.

For 2025, RUCKUS segment operating income and adjusted EBITDA increased compared to the prior year primarily due to higher sales volumes and pricing, partially offset by higher SG&A, R&D and input costs. In 2025, RUCKUS segment operating income was unfavorably impacted by the pretax loss of $4.8 million on the sale of our OneCell business which is not reflected in adjusted EBITDA. See "Reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA" within this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, below.

Aurora

Net sales for our Aurora segment increased in 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to higher sales volume from an increase in demand. From a regional perspective in 2025, net sales increased in the U.S. by $367.1 million, the EMEA region by $27.8 million, the APAC region by $10.7 million and Canada by $1.3 million, but decreased in the CALA region by $10.0 million. Foreign exchange rate changes did not have a material impact on Aurora segment net sales during 2025.

For 2025, ANS segment operating income and adjusted EBITDA increased compared to the prior year primarily due to higher sales volumes, partially offset by higher SG&A, R&D and input costs and unfavorable product mix. For 2025, ANS segment operating income was favorably impacted by reductions in amortization expense of $21.7 million, restructuring costs of $21.7 million and transaction, transformation and integration costs of $13.8 million. Amortization expense, restructuring costs and transaction, transformation and integration costs and are not reflected in adjusted EBITDA. Also see "Reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA" within this Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, below.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table summarizes certain key measures of our liquidity and capital resources:

Our principal sources of liquidity on a short-term basis are cash and cash equivalents and cash flows provided by operations. On a long-term basis, our potential sources of liquidity also include raising capital through the issuance of equity and/or debt.

The primary uses of liquidity include working capital requirements, capital expenditures, business separation transaction costs, transformation costs, restructuring costs, litigation settlements, income tax payments and other contractual obligations. In connection with the sale of the CCS segment that was completed subsequent to fiscal year end on January 9, 2026, we repaid and issued notices of full redemption of our then-existing indebtedness and redeemed all of the outstanding shares of the Convertible Preferred Stock. Therefore, the uses of liquidity related to the indebtedness and Convertible Preferred Stock that were outstanding as of December 31, 2025, are no longer relevant.

We currently believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our presently anticipated future cash needs. However, we may be required to obtain financing in the future to address our liquidity needs, and, subject to market conditions, we may from time to time seek to amend, refinance, restructure, exchange or repurchase our outstanding indebtedness and/or raise equity or other financing. Any debt we incur in the future may have terms (including cash interest rate, financial covenants and covenants limiting our operating flexibility or ability to obtain financings) that are not favorable to us, and any such equity financing may dilute the economic and/or voting interests of our existing stockholders, may be preferred in right of payment to our outstanding common stock or confer other privileges to the holders and may contain financial or operational covenants that restrict our operating flexibility or ability to obtain additional financings. Furthermore, our failure to obtain any necessary financing, or any future amendment, refinancing, restructuring, exchange or repurchases could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows, financial condition and liquidity.

We may experience volatility in cash flows between periods due to, among other reasons, variability in the timing of vendor payments and customer receipts. We may, from time to time, seek to obtain alternative sources of financing, by issuing debt or equity securities or incurring other indebtedness, if market conditions are favorable, utilizing trade credit, selling assets (including businesses or business lines) or securitizing receivables to meet future cash needs or to reduce our borrowing costs. Any issuance of equity or debt may be for cash or in exchange for our outstanding securities or indebtedness, or a combination thereof.

Our senior notes and senior secured credit facilities that existed as of December 31, 2025, contained certain limitations and covenants based on financial measures similar to non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA as presented in the "Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures" section below, but also giving pro forma effect to certain events, including acquisitions, synergies and savings from cost reduction initiatives such as facility closures and headcount reductions. For the year ended December 31, 2025, our non-GAAP pro forma adjusted EBITDA, as measured pursuant to the indentures governing our notes, was $300.8 million, which included annualized savings expected from cost reduction initiatives of $8.8 million so that the impact of cost reduction initiatives is fully reflected in the twelve-month period used in the calculation of the ratios. We believe we were in compliance with the covenants under our then-existing note indentures and senior secured credit facilities at December 31, 2025.

Cash and cash equivalents increased by $259.5 million during 2025 as described under the Cash Flow Overview section below. As of December 31, 2025, approximately 8% of our cash and cash equivalents were held outside the U.S.

Working capital, net of assets and liabilities held for sale and excluding cash and cash equivalents, decreased during 2025 compared to the prior year primarily due to an increase in accounts payable and other accrued liabilities, as well as a reduction in inventory, partially offset by higher accounts receivable due to increased net sales in 2025. During 2025, we sold accounts receivable under customer-sponsored supplier financing agreements. This had an impact of approximately $12 million on working capital, excluding cash and cash equivalents, as of December 31, 2025. Under these agreements, we are able to sell accounts receivable to a bank, and we retain no interest in and have no servicing responsibilities for the accounts receivable sold. The net increase in total capitalization during 2025 reflected the net income for the year.

Cash Flow Overview

The cash flows related to discontinued operations have not been segregated. Accordingly, the following cash flow overview includes the results of continuing and discontinued operations.

NM - Not Meaningful

Operating Activities

During 2025, the increase in net cash generated by operating activities compared to the prior year was primarily driven by improved operating performance and lower cash interest paid, partially offset by additional investment in working capital and higher cash taxes paid in the current year compared to the prior year. For information on significant non-cash operating activities related to our discontinued operations, see Note 4 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Investing Activities

During 2025, the increase in net cash generated by investing activities compared to the prior year was primarily driven by net proceeds of $2,034.5 million related to the sale of the OWN segment and DAS business unit to Amphenol, net proceeds of $7.4 million related to the sale of the OneCell business and cash paid in the prior period of $45.1 million related to the Casa Transaction. These favorable impacts were partially offset by unfavorable impacts due to increased capital expenditures of $45.0 million compared to the prior year and proceeds received in the prior year of $13.0 million on the sale of certain nonfinancial assets.

Financing Activities

In 2025, we repurchased $299.0 million in aggregate principal amount of our 4.75% senior secured notes due September 1, 2029 and repurchased in full the $1,500.0 million outstanding principal amount of our 6.00% senior secured notes due March 1, 2026. In connection with the debt transactions, we paid $5.7 million of debt issuance costs. We also borrowed $50.0 million and repaid $250.0 million of outstanding borrowings under our asset-based revolving credit facility (Revolving Credit Facility).

In 2024, we completed certain refinancing transactions including the issuance of $1,000 million in aggregate principal amount of our 9.50% senior secured notes due December 15, 2031 and entry into the senior secured term loan facility due December 2029 with an initial aggregate principal amount of $3,150.0 million. We used the net proceeds, together with cash on hand and $200.0 million of borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility, to refinance the outstanding $3,064.0 million of our then-existing senior secured term loan facility due April 2026 (2026 Term Loan) and redeem all of the approximately $1,274.6 million in outstanding aggregate principal amount of our 6.00% senior notes due 2025. In connection with the refinancing transactions, we paid approximately $59.4 million of original issuance discount and $33.1 million of debt issuance costs. We also paid the quarterly scheduled amortization payments totaling $24.0 million on our 2026 Term Loan.

In 2025, employees surrendered shares of our common stock to satisfy their tax withholding requirements on vested restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance share units (PSUs), which reduced cash flows by $31.3 million compared to $1.9 million in the prior year.

In 2025, we paid $17.6 million of cash dividends and $51.3 million of dividends in additional shares due under the Convertible Preferred Stock. In 2024, we paid $65.2 million of dividends in additional shares due under the Convertible Preferred Stock.

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures

We believe that presenting certain non-GAAP financial measures enhances an investor's understanding of our financial performance. We further believe that these financial measures are useful in assessing our operating performance from period to period by excluding certain items that we believe are not representative of our core business. We also use certain of these financial measures for business planning purposes and in measuring our performance relative to that of our competitors.

We believe these financial measures are commonly used by investors to evaluate our performance and that of our competitors. However, our use of the term "non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA" may vary from that of others in our industry. This financial measure should not be considered as an alternative to operating income (loss), net income (loss) or any other performance measures derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP as measures of operating performance, operating cash flows or liquidity.

Although there were no financial maintenance covenants under the terms of our senior notes that existed as of December 31, 2025, there were certain limitations based on an adjusted leverage ratio or a fixed charge coverage ratio. These ratios are based on financial measures similar to non-GAAP adjusted EBITDA as presented in this section, but also give pro forma effect to certain events, including acquisitions and savings from cost reduction initiatives such as facility closures and headcount reductions.

Consolidated

Reconciliation of Segment Adjusted EBITDA

Segment adjusted EBITDA is provided as a performance measure in Note 17 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Below we reconcile segment adjusted EBITDA for each segment individually to operating income (loss) for that segment to supplement the reconciliation of the total segment adjusted EBITDA to consolidated operating income (loss) in that footnote.

The corporate and other line item as presented in Note 17 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, primarily reflects general corporate costs that were previously allocated to the CCS segment, OWN segment, DAS business unit and Home segment. These indirect costs are classified as continuing operations since these costs were not directly attributable to these discontinued operations. Beginning in the first quarter of 2024, the corporate and other costs related to the Home segment have been reallocated to our remaining segments and partially offset by income from the Vantiva TSA; those costs related to the OWN segment and DAS business unit have been reallocated to our remaining segments beginning in the first quarter of 2025 and partially offset by income from the Amphenol TSA; and those costs related to the CCS segment will be reallocated to our remaining segments beginning in the first quarter of 2026.

RUCKUS (1)

Aurora

Note: Components may not sum to total due to rounding.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) in the United States (U.S.). The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. These estimates and their underlying assumptions form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other objective sources. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances and revises its estimates, as appropriate, when changes in events or circumstances indicate that revisions may be necessary.

The following critical accounting policies and estimates reflected in our financial statements are based on management's knowledge of and experience with past and current events and on management's assumptions about future events. While we have generally not experienced significant deviations from our critical estimates in the past, it is reasonably possible that these estimates may ultimately differ materially from actual results. See Note 2 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of all our significant accounting policies.

Asset Impairment Reviews

Impairment Reviews of Goodwill

We test goodwill at the reporting unit level for impairment annually as of October 1 and on an interim basis when events occur or circumstances exist that indicate the carrying value may no longer be recoverable.

We may first elect to perform a qualitative evaluation to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The qualitative assessment considers, among other factors, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, changes in management or strategy, and other entity-specific events. If, based on the qualitative assessment, we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, or if we elect to bypass the qualitative assessment, we perform a quantitative impairment test. The quantitative test compares the estimated fair value of our reporting units with the carrying amount, including goodwill. We recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value.

We estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using a discounted cash flow (DCF) method or, as appropriate, a combination of the DCF method and a market approach known as the guideline public company method. Under the DCF method, we calculate the fair value of a reporting unit based on the present value of estimated future cash flows. The significant assumptions in the DCF model primarily include, but are not limited to, forecasts of annual revenue growth rates, annual EBITDA margin and the discount rate used to determine the present value of the cash flow projections. When determining these assumptions and preparing these estimates, we consider historical performance trends, terminal growth rates, industry data, insight derived from customers, relevant changes in the reporting unit's underlying business and other market trends that may affect the reporting unit. The discount rate is based on the estimated weighted average cost of capital as of the test date of market participants in the industry in which the reporting unit operates and is commensurate with the risk and uncertainty inherent in each reporting unit and in internally developed forecasts. Under the guideline public company method, we estimate the fair value based upon market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from publicly-traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics as the reporting unit. The weighting of the fair value derived from the market approach may vary depending on the level of comparability of these publicly-traded companies to the reporting unit. When comparable public companies are not meaningful or not available, we may estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using only the DCF method.

Estimating the fair value of a reporting unit involves uncertainties because it requires management to develop numerous assumptions, including assumptions about the future growth and potential volatility in revenues and costs, capital expenditures, industry economic factors and future business strategy. Changes in projected revenue growth rates, projected EBITDA margins or estimated discount rates due to uncertain market conditions, loss of one or more key customers, changes in our strategy, changes in technology or other factors could negatively affect the fair value in one or more of our reporting units and result in a material impairment charge in the future.

To assess the reasonableness of the calculated fair values of our reporting units, we also compare the sum of the reporting units' fair values to our market capitalization and calculate an implied control premium (the excess of the sum of the reporting units' fair values over the market capitalization). If the implied control premium is not reasonable, we will reevaluate the fair value estimates of the reporting units by adjusting the discount rates and/or other assumptions.

2025 Annual Goodwill Analysis

Annual Test

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually or at other times if events have occurred or circumstances exist that indicate the carrying value of the reporting unit may exceed its fair value. The annual test of goodwill impairment was performed for each of the reporting units with goodwill balances as of October 1, 2025. For reporting units within the CCS segment, management elected to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether it was more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting units was less than their carrying amounts. Based on this qualitative assessment, we concluded that no goodwill impairment existed for these reporting units and that a quantitative impairment test was not required. For our remaining reporting units, we determined the fair value of each reporting unit using the DCF model and a guideline public company approach, with 75% of the value determined using the DCF model and 25% of the value determined using the market approach. The discount rates used in our annual test for the year ended December 31, 2025 were 13.0% and 13.5% for Aurora and RUCKUS, respectively. We determined that the fair value of the reporting units exceeded the carrying value and that no impairment existed.

Considering the low headroom going forward for the Aurora reporting unit, there is a risk for future impairment in the event of further declines in general economic, market or business conditions or any significant unfavorable change in the forecasted cash flows, weighted average cost of capital or growth rates. If current and long-term projections for the Aurora reporting unit is not realized or decrease materially, we may be required to recognize additional goodwill impairment charges, and these charges could be material to our results of operations.

The following table provides summary information regarding our reporting units with goodwill balances as of December 31, 2025 that have the lowest level of headroom. The table presents key assumptions used in our annual goodwill analysis, along with sensitivity analysis showing the effect of a change in certain key assumptions, assuming all other assumptions remain constant, to the resulting fair value using an income approach.

Definite-Lived Intangible Assets and Other Long-Lived Assets

Management reviews definite-lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying values may not be fully recoverable. This analysis differs from our goodwill impairment analysis in that an intangible or other long-lived asset impairment is only deemed to have occurred if the sum of the forecasted undiscounted future net cash flows related to the assets being evaluated is less than the carrying value of the assets. If the forecasted net cash flows are less than the carrying value, then the asset is written down to its estimated fair value. Other than certain assets impaired as a result of restructuring actions, we did not identify any impairments of definite-lived intangible assets or other long-lived assets in 2025. Changes in the estimates of forecasted net cash flows or changes in classification from held for use may result in future asset impairments that could be material to our results of operations.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue based on the satisfaction of distinct obligations to transfer goods and services to customers. Our revenue is generated primarily from product or equipment sales. We also generate revenue from custom design and installation services as well as bundled sales arrangements that include product, software and services. We apply a five-step approach as defined in ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, in determining the amount and timing of revenue to be recognized: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when a corresponding performance obligation is satisfied. Most contracts with customers are to provide distinct products or services within a single contract. However, if a contract is separated into more than one performance obligation, the total transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation in an amount based on the estimated relative standalone selling price.

Product sales to end-customers or distributors represent over 90% of our revenue and are generally recognized at the point-in-time when products have been shipped, right to payment has been obtained and risk of loss has been transferred. Certain of our product performance obligations include proprietary operating system software, which typically is not considered separately identifiable. Therefore, sales of these products and the related software are considered one performance obligation.

License contracts include revenue recognized for the licensing of intellectual property, including software, sold separately without products. Functional intellectual property licenses do not meet the criteria for revenue to be recognized over time, and revenue is most commonly recognized upon delivery of the license/software to the customer.

We have service arrangements where net sales are recognized over time. These arrangements include a variety of post-contract support service offerings, which are generally recognized over time as the services are provided, including the following: maintenance and support services provided under annual service-level agreements; "Day 2" professional services to help customers maximize their utilization of deployed systems; and installation services related to the routine installation of equipment ordered by the customer at the customer's site.

Revenue is measured based on the consideration to which we expect to be entitled based on customer contracts. Sales are adjusted for variable consideration amounts, including, but not limited to, estimated discounts, rebates, distributor price protection programs and returns. These estimates are determined based upon historical experience, contract terms, inventory levels in the distributor channel and other related factors. Adjustments to variable consideration estimates are recorded when circumstances indicate revisions may be necessary. Variable consideration is primarily related to sales to our distributors, system integrators and value-added resellers.

A contract liability for deferred revenue is recorded when consideration is received or is unconditionally due from a customer prior to transferring control of goods or services to the customer under the terms of a contract. Deferred revenue balances typically result from advance payments received from customers from billings in excess of revenue recognized on services arrangements.

Unbilled receivables represent amounts earned for which we have an unconditional right to payment but have not yet invoiced the customer. When our right to consideration is conditional on future performance or other factors beyond the passage of time, these amounts are classified as contract assets and presented separately from trade accounts receivable in other receivables in the consolidated balance sheet and are converted to accounts receivable once our right to the consideration becomes unconditional, which varies by contract but is generally based on achieving certain acceptance milestones.

Contingencies and Litigation

We are a party to lawsuits, claims and proceedings incident to the operation of our business, including intellectual property infringement matters, those pertaining to labor and employment contracts and other matters, some of which allege substantial monetary damages. We assess these matters in order to determine if a contingent liability should be recorded. In making this determination, management may, depending on the nature of the matter, consult with internal and external legal counsel and technical experts. We expense legal fees associated with consultations and defense of lawsuits as incurred. We accrue for loss contingencies when losses become probable and are reasonably estimable. If the reasonable estimate of the loss is a range and no amount within the range is a better estimate, the minimum amount of the range is recorded as a liability. Gain contingencies are recognized when they are realized.

Litigation outcomes are difficult to predict and are often resolved over long periods of time, making our estimates highly judgmental. Estimating probable losses requires the analysis of multiple possible outcomes that often depend on judgments about potential actions by third parties, such as future changes in facts and circumstances, differing interpretations of the law, assessments of the amount of damages and other factors beyond our control. There is the potential for a material adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows if one or more matters are resolved in a particular period in an amount materially in excess of what we anticipated. Alternatively, if the judgments and estimates made by management are incorrect and a particular contingent loss does not occur, the contingent loss recorded would be reversed, thereby favorably impacting our results of operations.

Inventory Reserves

We maintain reserves to reduce the value of inventory based on the lower of cost or net realizable value, including allowances for excess and obsolete inventory. These reserves are based on management's assumptions about and analysis of relevant factors including current levels of orders and backlog, forecasted demand, market conditions and new products or innovations that diminish the value of existing inventories. If actual market conditions deteriorate from those anticipated by management, additional allowances for excess and obsolete inventory could be required and may be material to our results of operations.

Tax Valuation Allowances and Liabilities for Unrecognized Tax Benefits

We establish an income tax valuation allowance when available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, we consider the amounts, character, source and timing of expected future deductions or carryforwards as well as sources of taxable income and tax planning strategies that may enable utilization. We maintain an existing valuation allowance until sufficient positive evidence exists to support its reversal. Changes in the amount or timing of expected future deductions or taxable income may have a material impact on the level of income tax valuation allowances. If we determine that we will not be able to realize all or part of a deferred tax asset in the future, an increase to an income tax valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period such determination was made.

We also establish allowances related to value-added and similar recoverable taxes when it is considered probable that those assets are not recoverable. Changes in the probability of recovery or in the estimates of the amount recoverable are recognized in the period such determination is made and may be material to our gain (loss) from continuing operations.

We recognize income tax benefits related to particular tax positions only when it is considered more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained if examined on its technical merits by tax authorities. The amount of benefit recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is evaluated to be greater than 50% likely to be realized. Considerable judgment is required to evaluate the technical merits of various positions and to evaluate the likely amount of benefit to be realized. Lapses in statutes of limitations, developments in tax laws, regulations and interpretations, and changes in assessments of the likely outcome of uncertain tax positions could have a material impact on the overall tax provision.

RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

See Note 2 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.