This artist's impression of the Gomez's Hamburger system shows the stacked layers of gas and dust as they rotate around a young star. ALMA observations reveal a direct view of its vertical structure at millimeter wavelengths, allowing astronomers to map the location of the millimeter-sized dust grains, and several different gas-phase molecules, which have arranged themselves into distinct levels. Image credit: NSF/AUI/NSF NRAO/P.Vosteen.

New images of GoHam give astronomers a rare and supersized model to test how planets form and evolve within disks

Do cosmic hamburgers hold the secret ingredients. . .for planets? This one sure does! Astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) were surprised to discover the very earliest phases of giant planet formation between the dense layers of gas and dust in the "Gomez's Hamburger" system, referred to as GoHam. This research was initially shared at a press conference at the American Astronomical Society's 247th meeting and has just been published in The Astrophysical Journal.

So how does this celestial slider impact astronomers' understanding of planet formation? "GoHam gives us a rare and clear view of the vertical and radial structure of a very large, nearly edge-on disk," shares Charles Law, an Assistant Professor at the University of Minnesota and PI on this research. He notes that, "This makes it a benchmark system for testing detailed models of how planets form and evolve in disks. The combination of extreme disk size, strong asymmetries, winds, and potential planet formation makes it the perfect laboratory for understanding how giant planets can form far from their star, and how their presence reshapes the surrounding gas and dust."

Sweet, Sweet Gas (And Dust)

While "gas" and "dust" are normally pretty low on most people's priority list, they are very important to astronomers. This is what GoHam's giant disk is made of, and astronomers are able to observe these stacked layers as they rotate around a young star at an almost edge-on orientation. This gives them a direct view of its vertical structure (something that's much harder to see in other disks.) Thanks to ALMA observations at millimeter wavelengths, scientists can clearly map the location of the millimeter-sized dust grains and several different gas-phase molecules within the layers. These include two forms of carbon monoxide and the sulfur-bearing molecules CS and SO.

So where are these little guys? Behaving as expected, the lightest gas (12CO) sits highest above the midplane, while 13CO sits a bit lower, and the CS gas lies closest to the midplane, following astronomer's understanding of how disks stratify with height. And we mustn't forget the dust! The millimeter dust itself is relatively thin and concentrated in the midplane, while the gas extends far above and below, showing just how "puffed up" the gaseous part of the disk is compared to the larger solids.

Can I Get a Side of Sulfur Monoxide With That?

It is of note that this is not a perfect hamburger. GoHam's millimeter dust is lopsided north-south: one side of the disk has more extended and brighter dust emission, due to a vortex or large-scale disturbance that could help trap solids, providing more food for planet formation. Faint, extended, and wispy carbon monoxide emission appears in the northern part of the disk and at large distances, potentially consistent with a "photoevaporative wind" in which starlight is slowly blowing gas off the disk into space.

The team also found an unusual, one-sided arc of sulfur monoxide (SO) emission just outside the bright dust on only one side of the disk, but with kinematics that still follow the disk's rotation. This SO arc lines up with a previously-identified dense clump called "GoHam b," thought to be material collapsing under its own gravity and possibly representing one of the earliest observable stages of a massive, wide-orbit planet forming in the outer disk.

That's One Big Burger

GoHam is a supersized order: the disk is enormous (and massive) with its 12CO gas stretching out to almost 1,000 astronomical units in radius and reaching vertical heights of several 100s of astronomical units, making it one of the largest known planet-forming disks. The total dust mass is estimated to be many times higher than in typical disks around similar stars, which means GoHam has huge potential to build giant planets and possibly a future multi-planet system.

About the NSF NRAO

The NSF National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NSF NRAO) is a facility of the U.S. National Science Foundation, operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc.

About ALMA

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), an international astronomy facility, is a partnership of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. ALMA is funded by ESO on behalf of its Member States, by NSF in cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) and the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) in Taiwan and by NINS in cooperation with the Academia Sinica (AS) in Taiwan and the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI).

ALMA construction and operations are led by ESO on behalf of its Member States; by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), managed by Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), on behalf of North America; and by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) on behalf of East Asia. The Joint ALMA Observatory (JAO) provides the unified leadership and management of the construction, commissioning and operation of ALMA.

This news article was originally published on the NRAO website on October 19, 2026.