American Homes 4 Rent

02/20/2026 | Press release | Distributed by Public on 02/20/2026 14:52

Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2025 (Form 10-K)

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to, those set forth under Part I, "Item 1A. Risk Factors" in this report.
This section of this Form 10-K generally discusses the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. A discussion of the year ended December 31, 2023 is available at Part II, "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024.
Overview
We are a Maryland REIT focused on developing, renovating, leasing and managing single-family homes as rental properties. The Operating Partnership is the entity through which we conduct substantially all of our business and own, directly or through subsidiaries, substantially all of our assets. We commenced operations in November 2012 and we have elected to be taxed as a REIT.
As of December 31, 2025, we owned 61,479 single-family properties in select submarkets of metropolitan statistical areas ("MSAs") in 24 states, including 1,142 properties held for sale, compared to 61,336 single-family properties in 24 states, including 805 properties held for sale, as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, 56,756 of our total properties (excluding properties held for sale) were occupied, compared to 57,486 of our total properties (excluding properties held for sale) as of December 31, 2024. Also, as of December 31, 2025, the Company had an additional 3,785 properties held in unconsolidated joint ventures, compared to 3,376 properties held in unconsolidated joint ventures as of December 31, 2024. Our portfolio of single-family properties, including those held in our unconsolidated joint ventures, is internally managed through our proprietary property management platform.
Key Single-Family Property and Leasing Metrics
The following table summarizes certain key single-family properties metrics as of December 31, 2025:
Total Single-Family Properties (1)
Market Number of Single-Family Properties % of Total Single-Family Properties Gross Book Value (millions) % of Gross Book Value Total Avg. Gross Book Value per Property Avg.
Sq. Ft. 		Avg. Property Age (years) Avg. Year
Purchased or Delivered
Atlanta, GA 5,944 9.9 % $ 1,444.2 10.0 % $ 242,982 2,201 17.4 2017
Charlotte, NC 4,237 7.0 % 995.8 6.9 % 235,026 2,120 18.8 2016
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX 3,663 6.1 % 657.2 4.6 % 179,413 2,080 21.4 2014
Nashville, TN 3,392 5.6 % 893.4 6.2 % 263,393 2,125 17.0 2016
Jacksonville, FL 3,382 5.6 % 806.5 5.6 % 238,489 1,933 14.4 2017
Phoenix, AZ 3,282 5.4 % 754.5 5.2 % 229,918 1,865 19.7 2016
Indianapolis, IN 2,993 5.0 % 547.8 3.8 % 183,011 1,931 22.6 2015
Tampa, FL 3,057 5.1 % 785.1 5.5 % 256,851 1,961 14.6 2017
Las Vegas, NV 2,733 4.5 % 881.9 6.1 % 322,690 1,974 10.6 2018
Houston, TX 2,250 3.7 % 411.5 2.9 % 182,903 2,061 19.9 2015
Raleigh, NC 2,147 3.6 % 443.0 3.1 % 206,345 1,900 19.2 2015
Columbus, OH 2,251 3.7 % 483.3 3.4 % 214,733 1,907 21.2 2016
Orlando, FL 2,227 3.7 % 573.8 4.0 % 257,690 1,950 16.1 2017
Cincinnati, OH 2,092 3.5 % 422.7 2.9 % 202,032 1,843 22.9 2014
Salt Lake City, UT 1,931 3.2 % 596.5 4.1 % 308,906 2,243 18.8 2016
Charleston, SC 1,665 2.8 % 414.3 2.9 % 248,812 1,964 13.4 2017
Greater Chicago area, IL and IN 1,500 2.5 % 294.3 2.0 % 196,177 1,872 24.3 2013
San Antonio, TX 1,105 1.8 % 227.8 1.6 % 206,196 1,901 16.4 2016
Boise, ID 1,107 1.8 % 356.6 2.5 % 322,219 1,884 10.9 2018
Savannah/Hilton Head, SC 1,024 1.7 % 227.0 1.6 % 221,680 1,884 16.7 2017
All Other (2)
8,355 13.8 % 2,161.2 15.1 % 258,671 1,947 18.3 2017
Total/Average 60,337 100.0 % $ 14,378.4 100.0 % $ 238,302 2,001 18.0 2016
(1)Excludes 1,142 single-family properties held for sale as of December 31, 2025.
(2)Represents 16 markets in 15 states.
The following table summarizes certain key leasing metrics as of December 31, 2025:
Total Single-Family Properties(1)
Market
Avg. Occupied Days Percentage (2)
Avg. Monthly Realized Rent per Property(3)
Avg. Original Lease Term (months) (4)
Avg. Remaining Lease Term (months)(4)
Avg. Blended Change in Rent (5)
Atlanta, GA 94.1 % $ 2,349 12.9 5.5 1.7 %
Charlotte, NC 95.1 % 2,281 12.7 5.7 2.8 %
Dallas-Fort Worth, TX 95.4 % 2,344 12.7 5.6 1.4 %
Nashville, TN 94.5 % 2,438 12.8 5.8 2.3 %
Jacksonville, FL 93.8 % 2,232 12.8 5.9 0.9 %
Phoenix, AZ 94.5 % 2,184 12.0 5.4 1.5 %
Indianapolis, IN 95.5 % 1,988 12.9 5.8 4.1 %
Tampa, FL 92.8 % 2,510 13.0 6.4 0.7 %
Las Vegas, NV 94.0 % 2,397 13.0 5.7 1.0 %
Houston, TX 96.4 % 2,121 12.7 5.6 1.9 %
Raleigh, NC 94.6 % 2,114 12.9 5.7 1.7 %
Columbus, OH 94.1 % 2,349 13.0 6.2 5.9 %
Orlando, FL 93.7 % 2,459 12.6 5.7 1.5 %
Cincinnati, OH 95.5 % 2,275 13.0 6.2 6.1 %
Salt Lake City, UT 94.6 % 2,562 12.7 5.9 3.6 %
Charleston, SC 93.0 % 2,374 12.7 6.3 2.4 %
Greater Chicago area, IL and IN 95.4 % 2,649 12.8 5.7 8.3 %
San Antonio, TX 94.7 % 1,943 12.7 5.4 (0.4) %
Boise, ID 94.7 % 2,355 12.5 5.3 2.6 %
Savannah/Hilton Head, SC 93.5 % 2,355 12.6 5.6 3.0 %
All Other (6)
93.9 % 2,354 12.8 5.7 2.8 %
Total/Average 94.4 % $ 2,318 12.8 5.8 2.5 %
(1)Excludes 1,142 single-family properties held for sale as of December 31, 2025.
(2)For the year ended December 31, 2025, Average Occupied Days Percentage represents the number of days a property is occupied in the period divided by the total number of days the property is owned during the same period after initially being placed in-service.
(3)For the year ended December 31, 2025, Average Monthly Realized Rent is calculated as the lease component of rents and other single-family property revenues (i.e., rents from single-family properties) divided by the product of (a) number of properties and (b) Average Occupied Days Percentage, divided by the number of months. For properties partially owned during the year, this is adjusted to reflect the number of days of ownership.
(4)Average Original Lease Term and Average Remaining Lease Term are reflected as of period end.
(5)Represents the percentage change in rent on all non-month-to-month lease renewals and re-leases during the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to the annual rent of the previously expired non-month-to-month comparable long-term lease for each property.
(6)Represents 16 markets in 15 states.
We believe these key single-family property and leasing metrics provide useful information to investors because they allow investors to understand the composition and performance of our properties on a market by market basis. Management also uses these metrics to understand the composition and performance of our properties at the market level.
Factors That Affect Our Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. Key factors that impact our results of operations and financial condition include the pace at which we identify and acquire suitable land, the pace and cost of our property developments, the time it takes to lease our properties at acceptable rental rates, occupancy levels, rates of tenant turnover, the length of vacancy in properties between tenant leases, our expense ratios, property taxes including changes in rates and valuation assessments of our properties, our ability to raise capital and our capital structure. Additionally, labor shortages, supply chain disruptions and inflationary pressures, including as a result of tariffs, have impacted and may in the future impact certain aspects of our business, including our AMH Development Program, our renovation program and our maintenance program. We may also face challenges from new laws and regulations that attempt to restrict institutional ownership of single-family homes, such as by imposing limits on acquisitions or ownership, tax or other financial disincentives, or adverse zoning restrictions.
Property Development, Acquisitions and Dispositions
Since our formation, we have rapidly but systematically grown our portfolio of single-family properties. We are primarily focused on developing "built-for-rental" homes through our internal AMH Development Program. In addition, we evaluate opportunities to acquire newly constructed homes from third-party developers through our National Builder Program. Opportunities from these new construction channels are impacted by the availability of vacant developed lots, development land assets and inventory of homes currently under construction or newly developed. Our level of investment activity has fluctuated based on the number of suitable
opportunities and the level of capital available to invest. We have strategically scaled back acquisitions of single-family properties through broker sales via the MLS and our National Builder Program as the housing market adjusts to the current macroeconomic environment. In the past, our ability to identify and acquire homes through traditional channels that met our investment criteria was impacted by home prices in our target markets, the inventory of properties available, the availability of bulk portfolio acquisition opportunities, competition for our target assets and our available capital.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, we developed or acquired 1,962 homes, including 1,879 newly constructed homes delivered to our operating portfolio through our AMH Development Program and 83 homes acquired through our National Builder Program and traditional acquisition channel, partially offset by 2,156 homes identified for sale. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we also developed an additional 443 newly constructed homes which were delivered to our unconsolidated joint ventures, aggregating to 2,322 total home deliveries through our AMH Development Program.
Our properties and land held for sale were identified based on individual asset-level review, as well as submarket analysis. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were 1,142 and 805 properties, respectively, as well as certain land lots, classified as held for sale. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, we sold 1,827 and 1,705 properties, respectively. We will continue to evaluate our properties and land for potential disposition going forward as a normal course of business.
Property Operations
Homes added to our portfolio through new construction channels include properties developed through our internal AMH Development Program and newly constructed properties acquired from third-party developers through our National Builder Program. Rental homes developed through our AMH Development Program involve substantial up-front costs, time to acquire and develop land, time to build the rental home, and time to lease the rental home before the home generates income. This process is dependent upon the nature of each lot acquired and the timeline varies primarily due to land development requirements. Once land development requirements have been met, historically it has taken approximately four to seven months to complete the rental home vertical construction process. However, delivery of homes may be staggered to facilitate leasing absorption. Our internal construction program is managed by our team of development professionals that oversee the full rental home construction process including all land development and work performed by subcontractors. We typically incur costs between $300,000 and $500,000 to acquire and develop land and build a rental home. Homes added through our AMH Development Program are available for lease immediately upon or shortly after receipt of a certificate of occupancy. Rental homes acquired from third-party developers through our National Builder Program are dependent on the inventory of newly constructed homes and homes currently under construction.
Historically, homes added to our portfolio through traditional acquisition channels required expenditures in addition to payment of the purchase price, including property inspections, closing costs, liens, title insurance, transfer taxes, recording fees, broker commissions, property taxes and HOA fees, when applicable. In addition, we typically incurred costs between $30,000 and $50,000 to renovate these homes to prepare it for rental. Renovation work varies, but may include paint, flooring, cabinetry, appliances, plumbing hardware and other items required to prepare the home for rental. The time and cost involved to prepare our homes for rental can impact our financial performance and varies among properties based on several factors, including the source of acquisition channel and age and condition of the property. Historically, it has taken approximately 20 to 90 days to complete the renovation process, which fluctuated based on our overall acquisition volume as well as availability of construction labor and materials.
Our operating results are also impacted by the amount of time it takes to market and lease a property, which can vary greatly among properties, and is impacted by local demand, our marketing techniques and the size of our available inventory. Typically, it takes approximately 10 to 50 days to lease a property after acquiring or developing a new property through our new construction channels and 20 to 40 days after completing the renovation process for a traditionally acquired property. Lastly, our operating results are impacted by the length of stay of our tenants and the amount of time it takes to prepare and re-lease a property after a tenant vacates. This process, which we refer to as "turnover," is impacted by numerous factors, including the condition of the home upon move-out of the previous tenant, and by local demand, our marketing techniques and the size of our available inventory at the time of the turnover. Typically, it takes approximately 20 to 60 days to complete the turnover process.
Revenues
Our revenues are derived primarily from rents collected from tenants for our single-family properties under lease agreements which typically have a term of one year. Our rental rates and occupancy levels are affected by macroeconomic factors and local and property-level factors, including market conditions, seasonality and tenant defaults, and the amount of time it takes to turn properties when tenants vacate. Additionally, our ability to collect revenues and related operating results are impacted by the credit worthiness and quality of our tenants. Typically, our incoming residents have household incomes ranging from $80,000 to $150,000 and primarily consist of families with approximately two adults and one or more children.
Our rents and other single-family property revenues are comprised of rental revenue from single-family properties, fees from our single-family property rentals and "tenant charge-backs," which are primarily related to cost recoveries on utilities.
Our ability to maintain and grow revenues from our existing portfolio of homes will be dependent on our ability to retain tenants and increase rental rates. Based on our Same-Home population of properties (defined below), the year-over-year increase in Average Monthly Realized Rent per property was 3.7% for the year ended December 31, 2025 and we experienced turnover rates, which represents the number of tenant move-outs during the period divided by the total number of properties, of 26.3% and 27.8% during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.
Expenses
We monitor the following categories of expenses that we believe most significantly affect our results of operations.
Property Operating Expenses
Once a property is available for lease for the first time, which we refer to as "rent-ready," we incur ongoing property-related expenses which may not be subject to our control. These include primarily property taxes, repairs and maintenance ("R&M"), turnover costs, utility expenses that are generally recovered as "tenant charge-backs" (included in rents and other single-family property revenues), HOA fees (when applicable) and insurance.
Property Management Expenses
As we internally manage our portfolio of single-family properties through our proprietary property management platform, we incur costs such as salary expenses for property management personnel, lease expenses and operating costs for property management offices and technology expenses for maintaining as well as enhancing our property management platform. As part of developing our property management platform, we continue to make significant investments in our personnel, infrastructure, systems and technology that will impact expenses based on investment programs during the year. We believe that these investments will enable our property management platform to become more efficient over time, especially as our portfolio grows. Also included in property management expenses is noncash share-based compensation expense related to centralized and field property management employees.
Seasonality
We believe that our business and related operating results will be impacted by seasonal factors throughout the year. Historically, we have experienced higher levels of tenant move-outs and move-ins during the late spring and summer months, which impacts both our rental revenues and related turnover costs. Our property operating costs are seasonally impacted in certain markets for expenses such as HVAC repairs, turn costs and landscaping expenses during the summer season. Additionally, our single-family properties are at greater risk in certain markets for adverse weather conditions such as hurricanes in the late summer months and extreme cold weather in the winter months.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense primarily consists of corporate payroll and personnel costs, federal and state taxes, trustees' and officers' insurance expenses, audit and tax fees, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions. In addition, we continue to make corporate level investments to support certain initiatives which will impact expenses based on given investment programs during the year. Also included in general and administrative expense is noncash share-based compensation expense related to corporate administrative employees.
Results of Operations
Net income totaled $513.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $468.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to increases in rents and other single-family property revenues exceeding increases in total expenses.
As we continue to grow our portfolio with a portion of our homes still recently developed, acquired and/or renovated, we distinguish our portfolio of homes between Same-Home properties and Non-Same-Home and Other properties in evaluating our operating performance. We classify a property as Same-Home if it has been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to the beginning of the earliest period presented under comparison and if it has not been classified as held for sale or experienced a casualty loss, which allows the performance of these properties to be compared between periods. Single-family properties that we acquire individually (i.e., not through a bulk purchase) are classified as either stabilized or non-stabilized. A property is classified as stabilized once it has been
renovated by the Company or newly constructed and then initially leased or available for rent for a period greater than 90 days. Properties acquired through a bulk purchase are first considered non-stabilized, as an entire group, until (1) we have owned them for an adequate period of time to allow for complete on-boarding to our operating platform, and (2) a substantial portion of the properties have experienced tenant turnover at least once under our ownership, providing the opportunity for renovations and improvements to meet our property standards. After such time has passed, properties acquired through a bulk purchase are then evaluated on an individual property basis under our standard stabilization criteria. All other properties, including those classified as held for sale or taken out of service as a result of a casualty loss, are classified as Non-Same-Home and Other.
One of the primary financial measures we use in evaluating the operating performance of our single-family properties is Core Net Operating Income ("Core NOI"), which we also present separately for our Same-Home portfolio. Core NOI is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure that we define as core revenues, which is calculated as rents and other single-family property revenues, excluding expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs, less core property operating expenses, which is calculated as property operating and property management expenses, excluding noncash share-based compensation expense and expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs.
Core NOIalso excludes (1) hurricane-related charges, net, which result in material charges to our single-family property portfolio, (2) gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt, (3) gains and losses from sales or impairments of single-family properties and other, (4) depreciation and amortization, (5) acquisition and other transaction costs incurred with business combinations and the acquisition or disposition of properties as well as nonrecurring items unrelated to ongoing operations, (6) noncash share-based compensation expense, (7) interest expense, (8) general and administrative expense, and (9) other income and expense, net. We believe Core NOI provides useful information to investors about the operating performance of our single-family properties without the impact of certain operating expenses that are reimbursed through tenant charge-backs.
Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI should be considered only as supplements to net income or loss as a measure of our performance and should not be used as measures of our liquidity, nor are they indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends or make distributions. Additionally, these metrics should not be used as substitutes for net income or loss or net cash flows from operating activities (as computed in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP")).
Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2025 to the Year Ended December 31, 2024
The following are reconciliations of core revenues, Same-Home core revenues, core property operating expenses, Same-Home core property operating expenses, Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI to their respective GAAP metrics for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024(amounts in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31,
2025 2024
Core revenues and Same-Home core revenues
Rents and other single-family property revenues $ 1,850,234 $ 1,728,697
Tenant charge-backs (241,224) (221,431)
Core revenues 1,609,010 1,507,266
Less: Non-Same-Home core revenues (201,045) (153,730)
Same-Home core revenues $ 1,407,965 $ 1,353,536
Core property operating expenses and Same-Home core property operating expenses
Property operating expenses $ 663,954 $ 625,883
Property management expenses 134,808 129,321
Noncash share-based compensation - property management (4,090) (4,814)
Expenses reimbursed by tenant charge-backs (241,224) (221,431)
Core property operating expenses 553,448 528,959
Less: Non-Same-Home core property operating expenses (77,679) (66,016)
Same-Home core property operating expenses $ 475,769 $ 462,943
Core NOI and Same-Home Core NOI
Net income $ 513,392 $ 468,142
Hurricane-related charges, net - 8,884
Loss on early extinguishment of debt 396 6,323
Gain on sale and impairment of single-family properties and other, net (231,460) (225,756)
Depreciation and amortization 504,341 477,010
Acquisition and other transaction costs 12,259 12,192
Noncash share-based compensation - property management 4,090 4,814
Interest expense 185,198 165,351
General and administrative expense 83,006 83,590
Other income and expense, net (15,660) (22,243)
Core NOI 1,055,562 978,307
Less: Non-Same-Home Core NOI (123,366) (87,714)
Same-Home Core NOI $ 932,196 $ 890,593
The following tables present a summary of Core NOI for our Same-Home properties, Non-Same-Home and Other properties and total properties for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (amounts in thousands):
For the Year Ended December 31, 2025
Same-Home
Properties (1)
% of
Core Revenue 		Non-Same-Home and
Other Properties 		% of
Core Revenue 		Total
Properties 		% of
Core Revenue
Rents from single-family properties $ 1,387,203 $ 199,840 $ 1,587,043
Fees from single-family properties 32,364 5,538 37,902
Bad debt (11,602) (4,333) (15,935)
Core revenues 1,407,965 201,045 1,609,010
Property tax expense 230,784 16.4 % 34,253 17.0 % 265,037 16.5 %
HOA fees, net (2)
25,342 1.8 % 3,314 1.6 % 28,656 1.8 %
R&M and turnover costs, net (2)
101,804 7.2 % 17,495 8.7 % 119,299 7.4 %
Insurance 16,379 1.2 % 2,753 1.4 % 19,132 1.2 %
Property management expenses, net (3)
101,460 7.2 % 19,864 9.9 % 121,324 7.5 %
Core property operating expenses 475,769 33.8 % 77,679 38.6 % 553,448 34.4 %
Core NOI $ 932,196 66.2 % $ 123,366 61.4 % $ 1,055,562 65.6 %
For the Year Ended December 31, 2024
Same-Home
Properties (1)
% of
Core Revenue 		Non-Same-Home and
Other Properties 		% of
Core Revenue 		Total
Properties 		% of
Core Revenue
Rents from single-family properties $ 1,337,921 $ 153,889 $ 1,491,810
Fees from single-family properties 29,188 3,966 33,154
Bad debt (13,573) (4,125) (17,698)
Core revenues 1,353,536 153,730 1,507,266
Property tax expense 225,109 16.6 % 27,297 17.8 % 252,406 16.7 %
HOA fees, net (2)
24,194 1.8 % 2,717 1.8 % 26,911 1.8 %
R&M and turnover costs, net(2)
97,082 7.2 % 16,124 10.5 % 113,206 7.5 %
Insurance 17,160 1.3 % 2,661 1.7 % 19,821 1.3 %
Property management expenses, net (3)
99,398 7.3 % 17,217 11.1 % 116,615 7.8 %
Core property operating expenses 462,943 34.2 % 66,016 42.9 % 528,959 35.1 %
Core NOI $ 890,593 65.8 % $ 87,714 57.1 % $ 978,307 64.9 %
(1)Includes 52,757 properties that have been stabilized longer than 90 days prior to January 1, 2024.
(2)Presented net of tenant charge-backs.
(3)Presented net of tenant charge-backs and excludes noncash share-based compensation expense related to centralized and field property management employees.
Rents and Other Single-Family Property Revenues
Rents and other single-family property revenues increased 7.0% to $1.85 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $1.73 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024. Revenue growth was primarily driven by an increase in our average occupied portfolio which grew to 57,573 homes for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to 56,402 homes for the year ended December 31, 2024, as well as higher rental rates.
Property Operating Expenses
Property operating expenses increased 6.1% to $664.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $625.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily driven by (i) growth in our portfolio which resulted in increases in R&M and turnover costs and (ii) annual increases in property tax expense.
Property Management Expenses
Property management expenses for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $134.8 million and $129.3 million, respectively, which included $4.1 million and $4.8 million, respectively, of noncash share-based compensation expense in each period
related to centralized and field property management employees. The increase in property management expenses was primarily attributable to an increase in personnel related expenses.
Core Revenues from Same-Home Properties
Core revenues from Same-Home properties increased 4.0% to $1.41 billion for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $1.35 billion for the year ended December 31, 2024. This increase was primarily attributable to higher Average Monthly Realized Rent per property, which increased 3.7% to $2,282 per month for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to $2,200 per month for the year ended December 31, 2024, as well as higher fees from single-family properties and lower uncollectible rents.
Core Property Operating Expenses from Same-Home Properties
Core property operating expenses from Same-Home properties consist of direct property operating expenses, net of tenant charge-backs, and property management costs, net of tenant charge-backs, and excludes noncash share-based compensation expense. Core property operating expenses from Same-Home properties increased 2.8% to $475.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $462.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily driven by annual increases in property tax expense.
General and Administrative Expense
General and administrative expense primarily consists of corporate payroll and personnel costs, federal and state taxes, trustees' and officers' insurance expense, audit and tax fees, trustee fees and other expenses associated with our corporate and administrative functions. General and administrative expense for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $83.0 million and $83.6 million, respectively, which included $16.1 million and $20.6 million, respectively, of noncash share-based compensation expense in each period related to corporate administrative employees. The decrease in general and administrative expense was primarily due to a decrease in noncash share-based compensation expense, partially offset by increases in information technology costs and personnel related expenses.
Interest Expense
Interest expense increased 12.0% to $185.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $165.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase was primarily due to additional interest from the issuances of unsecured senior notes in January 2024, June 2024, December 2024 and May 2025, partially offset by lower interest expense resulting from the payoffs of the AMH 2014-SFR2 securitization in February 2024, the AMH 2014-SFR3 securitization in August 2024, the AMH 2015-SFR1 securitization in March 2025 and the AMH 2015-SFR2 securitization in September 2025.
Acquisition and Other Transaction Costs
Acquisition and other transaction costs consist primarily of personnel and platform costs associated with purchases of single-family properties, including newly constructed properties from third-party builders, the disposal of certain properties or portfolios of properties, or costs associated with land transactions, which do not qualify for capitalization. Acquisition and other transaction costs for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were $12.3 million and $12.2 million, respectively, which included $5.6 million of noncash share-based compensation expense in each period related to employees in these functions.
Depreciation and Amortization
Depreciation and amortization expense consists primarily of depreciation of buildings and improvements. Depreciation of our assets is calculated over their useful lives on a straight-line basis over three to 30 years. Our intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the asset's estimated economic useful life. Depreciation and amortization expense increased 5.7% to $504.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2025 from $477.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to growth in the average number and cost of depreciable properties as well as ongoing capital investments into existing properties.
Hurricane-Related Charges, net
Hurricanes Beryl, Debby, Helene and Milton impacted certain properties in our Texas, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina markets during the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company's property and casualty insurance policies provide coverage for wind and flood damage, as well as business interruption costs, during the period of remediation and repairs, subject to deductibles and limits. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recognized $12.8 million in gross charges primarily
related to actual and estimated accruals for minor repair and remediation costs, partially offset by $3.9 million of related insurance claims, resulting in a net charge of $8.9 million.
Gain on Sale and Impairment of Single-Family Properties and Other, net
Gain on sale and impairment of single-family properties and other, net for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $231.5 million and $225.8 million, respectively, which included $34.4 million and $9.2 million, respectively, of impairment charges related to homes and land classified as held for sale during each period. The increase was primarily related to higher net gains on property sales resulting from a higher volume of properties sold, partially offset by higher impairment charges.
Loss on Early Extinguishment of Debt
Loss on early extinguishment of debt for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $0.4 million and $6.3 million, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to lower charges incurred related to the payoffs of the AMH 2015-SFR1 securitization in March 2025 and the AMH 2015-SFR2 securitization in September 2025 compared to charges incurred related to the termination of our previous revolving credit facility in July 2024 and the payoffs of the AMH 2014-SFR2 securitization in February 2024 and the AMH 2014-SFR3 securitization in August 2024.
Other Income and Expense, net
Other income and expense, net for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $15.7 million and $22.2 million, respectively, which primarily related to interest income, fees from unconsolidated joint ventures and equity in income (losses) from unconsolidated entities, partially offset by expenses related to unconsolidated joint ventures and other nonrecurring expenses. The decrease was primarily due to lower interest income.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Our discussion and analysis of our historical financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could ultimately differ from these estimates. Listed below are those policies that management believes involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our financial condition or our results of operations. There are other items within the financial statements that require estimation, but they are not considered critical as they do not require significant judgment or are immaterial.
Investments in Real Estate - Estimating Purchase Price Allocation
Purchases of single-family properties are treated as asset acquisitions and, as such, are recorded at their purchase price, including acquisition costs, which is allocated to land and building based upon their relative fair values at the date of acquisition. Fair value is determined in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, and is primarily based on unobservable data inputs. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating the total purchase price to individual homes in a portfolio acquisition and allocating the individual purchase price of a home to the acquired components, the Company utilizes its own market knowledge obtained from historical transactions, its AMH Development Program and published market data. In this regard, the Company also utilizes information obtained from county tax assessment records to assist in the determination of the fair value of the land and building. The allocation of the consideration to the various components of properties acquired during the year can have an effect on our net income due to the useful depreciable and amortizable lives applicable to each component and the recognition of the related depreciation and amortization expense. For example, if a greater portion of the fair value is allocated to land, which does not depreciate, our net income would be higher. Typically, we allocate between 10% to 30% of the purchase price of properties to land. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company purchased 84 single-family properties treated as asset acquisitions for accounting purposes for a total purchase price of $23.6 million, net of holding costs, which was included in cash paid for single-family properties within the consolidated statement of cash flows.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets - Estimating Future Cash Flows
We evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment periodically or whenever events or circumstances indicate that their carrying amount may not be recoverable. Significant indicators of impairment may include, but are not limited to, sustained losses, declines in home values, rental rates and occupancy percentages, as well as significant changes in the economy. If an impairment indicator exists, we compare the expected future undiscounted cash flows against the net carrying amount. The evaluation of anticipated cash flows is highly subjective and is based in part on assumptions regarding anticipated hold periods, future occupancy, rental rates and capital
requirements that could differ materially from actual results in future periods. If the sum of the estimated undiscounted cash flows is less than the net carrying amount, we record an impairment loss for the difference between the estimated fair value of the individual property and the carrying amount of the property at that date. Because cash flows on properties considered to be long-lived assets to be held and used are considered on an undiscounted basis to determine whether an asset has been impaired, our established strategy of holding properties over the long term directly decreases the likelihood of recording an impairment loss. Excluding the effects of casualty losses, no impairments on operating properties were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included as a separate section in Part IV, "Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the adoption and potential impact of recently issued accounting standards, if any.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, maintain our assets, fund our operations, make distributions to our shareholders and OP unitholders, including AMH, and meet other general requirements of our business. Our liquidity, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control.
Sources of Capital
We expect to satisfy our cash requirements through cash provided by operations, long-term secured and unsecured borrowings, issuances of debt and equity securities (including OP units), property dispositions and joint venture transactions. We expect to meet our operating liquidity requirements and our dividend distributions generally through cash on hand and cash provided by operations. For our development expenditures, we expect to supplement these sources through the issuance of equity securities, including under our At-the-Market Program described below, borrowings under our $1.25 billion credit facility, issuances of unsecured senior notes and proceeds from sales of single-family properties. However, our real estate assets are illiquid in nature. A timely liquidation of assets might not be a viable source of short-term liquidity should a cash flow shortfall arise, and we may need to source liquidity from other financing alternatives, including drawing on our revolving credit facility.
Our liquidity and capital resources as of December 31, 2025 included $108.5 million of cash and cash equivalents. Additionally, as of December 31, 2025, we had $360.0 million of outstanding borrowings and $3.2 million committed to outstanding letters of credit under our $1.25 billion revolving credit facility, leaving $886.8 million of remaining borrowing capacity. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company issued $650.0 million of 4.950% unsecured senior notes with a maturity date of June 15, 2030 (the "2030 Notes"), raising net proceeds of $642.5 million before offering costs of $1.3 million. Under our At-the-Market Program discussed below, we also had $753.7 million remaining available for future share issuances as of December 31, 2025. We maintain an investment grade credit rating which provides for greater availability of and lower cost of debt financing.
Uses of Capital
Our expected material cash requirements over the next twelve months consist of (i) contractually obligated expenditures, including interest payments, (ii) other essential expenditures, including property operating expenses, HOA fees (as applicable), real estate taxes, maintenance capital expenditures, general and administrative expenses and dividends on our equity securities including those paid in accordance with REIT distribution requirements, and (iii) opportunistic expenditures, including to pay for the development and renovation of our properties and repurchases of our securities.
With respect to our contractually obligated expenditures, our cash requirements within the next twelve months include accounts payable and accrued expenses, interest payments on debt obligations, operating lease obligations and purchase commitments to acquire land for our AMH Development Program. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we repaid all amounts due under the AMH 2015-SFR1 and AMH 2015-SFR2 securitizations. See Note 7. Debt, Note 8. Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses, Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies and Note 16. Subsequent Events to our consolidated financial statements included as a separate section in Part IV, "Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of our material short-term and long-term cash requirements.
A summary of our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2025 is presented below (amounts in thousands):
Payments by Period
Total Less than 1 year Thereafter
Debt maturities (1)
$ 5,160,000 $ - $ 5,160,000
Interest on debt obligations (2)
1,854,607 234,370 1,620,237
Operating lease obligations 18,780 4,353 14,427
Purchase obligations (3)
86,543 53,405 33,138
Total $ 7,119,930 $ 292,128 $ 6,827,802
(1)Amounts represent principal amounts due and exclude unamortized discounts and deferred financing costs.
(2)Represents estimated future interest payments on our debt instruments based on applicable interest rates as of December 31, 2025. For our revolving credit facility, represents estimated future interest payments based on an outstanding balance of $360.0 million as of December 31, 2025 through the fully extended maturity date of July 16, 2029 and these amounts will be impacted by the level of borrowing on our revolving credit facility in the future.
(3)Represents commitments to acquire land relating to our AMH Development Program for an aggregate purchase price of $86.5 million. The timing of these obligations due within one year may be extended beyond December 31, 2026. Purchase commitments exclude option contracts where we have acquired the right to purchase land for our AMH Development Program or single-family properties because the contracts do not contain provisions requiring our specific performance.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes the Company's and the Operating Partnership's cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (amounts in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31,
2025 2024 Change
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 864,327 $ 811,535 $ 52,792
Net cash used for investing activities (328,167) (825,876) 497,709
Net cash (used for) provided by financing activities (655,686) 142,696 (798,382)
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ (119,526) $ 128,355 $ (247,881)
Operating Activities
Our cash flows provided by operating activities, which is our principal source of cash flows, depend on numerous factors, including the occupancy level of our properties, the rental rates achieved on our leases, the collection of rent from our tenants and the level of property operating expenses, property management expenses, general and administrative expense and interest expense. Net cash provided by operating activities increased $52.8 million, or 6.5%, from $811.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 to $864.3 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 primarily due to increased cash inflows generated from growth in our portfolio and higher rental rates, partially offset by higher cash outflows for property related expenses.
Investing Activities
For the Years Ended December 31, Change
(Amounts in thousands)
2025 2024
Sources of cash from investing activities:
Net proceeds received from sales of single-family properties and other $ 630,352 $ 573,182 $ 57,170
Distributions from unconsolidated entities 78,702 116,311 (37,609)
Proceeds received from storm-related insurance claims 4,020 - 4,020
Proceeds from notes receivable related to the sale of properties 215 540 (325)
Proceeds from asset-backed securitization certificates - 25,666 (25,666)
$ 713,289 $ 715,699 $ (2,410)
Uses of cash for investing activities:
Cash paid for development activity $ (810,507) $ (845,851) $ 35,344
Recurring and other capital expenditures for single-family properties (118,211) (121,751) 3,540
Renovations to single-family properties (40,645) (34,052) (6,593)
Cash paid for single-family properties (23,587) (495,912) 472,325
Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures (15,078) (19,680) 4,602
Change in escrow deposits for purchase of single-family properties (2,495) 5,482 (7,977)
Cash paid for deposits on land option contracts - (653) 653
Other investing activities (30,933) (29,158) (1,775)
$ (1,041,456) $ (1,541,575) $ 500,119
Net cash used for investing activities $ (328,167) $ (825,876) $ 497,709
Our investing activities are most significantly impacted by the level of investment activity through the development of "built-for-rental" homes through our AMH Development Program, the acquisition of newly built properties through our National Builder Program, and the acquisition of properties through traditional channels, including the availability of bulk portfolio acquisition opportunities. We have strategically scaled back acquisitions of single-family properties through broker sales via the MLS and our National Builder Program as the housing market adjusts to the current macroeconomic environment. The development of "built-for-rental" homes and our property-enhancing capital expenditures may reduce recurring and other capital expenditures on an average per-home basis in the future. We use cash generated from operating and financing activities and by recycling capital through the sale of single-family properties to invest in the strategic expansion of our single-family property portfolio.
Net cash used for investing activities decreased $497.7 million, or 60.3%, from $825.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 to $328.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2025. The decrease was primarily attributable to (i) a $499.7 million decrease in cash outflows for the addition of single-family properties to our portfolio primarily due to a nonrecurring bulk portfolio acquisition for $481.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 as well as timing of development-related payments, (ii) a $57.2 million increase in net proceeds received from sales of single family properties and other resulting from an increase in properties sold and (iii) $4.0 million in proceeds received from storm-related insurance claims during the year ended December 31, 2025. These changes were partially offset by (i) a $33.0 million decrease in distributions from joint ventures, net of contributions, primarily due to lower cash distributions received with respect to our property and land contributions, (ii) $25.7 million of nonrecurring cash proceeds received during the year ended December 31, 2024 for our AMH 2014-SFR2 Class F asset-backed securitization certificates, (iii) a $3.1 million increase in cash outflows for recurring and other capital expenditures and renovations to single-family properties due to growth in our portfolio and (iv) a $1.8 million increase in cash outflows for other investing activities.
Financing Activities
Net cash used for financing activities was $655.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to net cash provided by financing activities of $142.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. This change was primarily due to the debt and equity activity described below as well as a $28.0 million decrease in payments to a land banking entity related to liabilities to repurchase consolidated land not owned for our AMH Development Program. See Land Option Contracts in Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies to our consolidated financial statements included as a separate section in Part IV, "Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Debt
As of December 31, 2025, the Company had outstanding unsecured senior notes with varying maturities starting in 2028 with an aggregate principal amount of $4.8 billion. The Company's revolving credit facility has a maximum borrowing capacity of
$1.25 billion and matures in 2028 with two six-month extension options at the Company's election if certain conditions are met. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company borrowed $770.0 million and paid down $410.0 million on its revolving credit facility, resulting in $360.0 million of outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2025.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company paid off the $493.2 million outstanding principal on the AMH 2015-SFR1 securitization and the $426.1 million outstanding principal on the AMH 2015-SFR2 securitization, which resulted in $0.4 million of aggregated charges related to legal and bank fees that were included in loss on early extinguishment of debt within the consolidated statements of operations included in a separate section in Part IV, "Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company also repaid an additional $6.5 million on its asset-backed securitizations.
During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company also issued the 2030 Notes, receiving $646.4 million in proceeds, net of discount, and paid $5.2 million in related deferred financing costs.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company paid off the $460.6 million outstanding principal on the AMH 2014-SFR2 securitization and the $471.8 million outstanding principal on the AMH 2014-SFR3 securitization, which resulted in $1.5 million of aggregated charges related to legal fees and write-offs of unamortized deferred financing costs. The Company also terminated its previous revolving credit facility during the third quarter of 2024, which resulted in $4.8 million of charges related to the write-off of unamortized deferred financing costs. These charges aggregated to $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and were included in loss on early extinguishment of debt within the consolidated statements of operations included in a separate section in Part IV, "Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company also issued unsecured senior notes in January, June and December, receiving $1.59 billion in proceeds, net of discount, and paid $13.7 million in related deferred financing costs as well as received $8.6 million for the settlement of two treasury locks in connection with the pricing of the 2035 Notes. The Company also entered into a credit agreement with a $1.25 billion sustainability-linked revolving credit facility and paid $11.5 million in related deferred financing costs. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company borrowed $400.0 million and paid down $490.0 million on its revolving credit facility as well as repaid an additional $19.8 million on its asset-backed securitizations.
For additional information regarding the Company's debt issuances, see Note 7. Debt to our consolidated financial statements included as a separate section in Part IV, "Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
At-the-Market Common Share Offering Program
The Company maintains an at-the-market common share offering program under which it can issue Class A common shares from time to time through various sales agents up to an aggregate gross sales offering price of $1.0 billion (the "At-the-Market Program"). The At-the-Market Program also provides that we may enter into forward contracts for our Class A common shares with forward sellers and forward purchasers. The Company intends to use any net proceeds from the At-the-Market Program (i) to repay indebtedness the Company has incurred or expects to incur under its revolving credit facility, (ii) to develop new single-family properties and communities, and (iii) for working capital and general corporate purposes, including repurchases of the Company's securities, capital expenditures and the expansion, redevelopment and/or improvement of properties in the Company's portfolio. The At-the-Market Program may be suspended or terminated by the Company at any time. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company directly issued 932,746 Class A common shares under its At-the-Market Program, raising $33.7 million in gross proceeds before commissions and other expenses of approximately $0.5 million. Additionally, the Company entered into a forward sale agreement with the forward purchaser during the first quarter of 2024 (the "March 2024 Forward Sale Agreement") to offer 2,987,024 Class A common shares on a forward basis under its At-the-Market Program at the request of the Company by the forward seller. The Company issued and physically settled the 2,987,024 Class A common shares during the fourth quarter of 2024, receiving gross proceeds of $110.6 million before commissions and other expenses of approximately $0.8 million and before offering costs of approximately $0.2 million. During the year ended December 31, 2025, no shares were issued under the At-the-Market Program. As of December 31, 2025, 6,719,453 shares have been issued under the At-the-Market Program and $753.7 million remained available for future share issuances.
When the Company issues common shares, the Operating Partnership issues an equivalent number of units of partnership interest of a corresponding class to AMH, with the Operating Partnership receiving the net proceeds from the share issuances.
Share Repurchase Program
In 2018, the Company's board of trustees authorized the establishment of a share repurchase program for the repurchase of up to $300.0 million of our outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of our outstanding preferred shares from time to
time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions (the "2018 Share Repurchase Program"). All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status. The Operating Partnership funds the repurchases and constructively retires an equivalent number of corresponding Class A units. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company repurchased and retired 4.7 million of its Class A common shares on a settlement date basis pursuant to the 2018 Share Repurchase Program at a weighted-average price of $31.77 per share and a total price of $150.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not repurchase and retire any of its Class A common shares or preferred shares. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had a remaining repurchase authorization under the 2018 Share Repurchase Program of up to $115.1 million of its outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of its outstanding preferred shares.
In January 2026, the Company fully utilized the remaining authorization for the repurchase of Class A common shares under the 2018 Share Repurchase Program and repurchased and retired 3.7 million of its outstanding Class A common shares on a settlement date basis pursuant to the program, at a weighted-average price of $31.49 per share and a total price of $115.1 million. In February 2026, the Company's board of trustees authorized the establishment of a new share repurchase program (the "2026 Share Repurchase Program") to repurchase up to $500.0 million of outstanding Class A common shares and up to $250.0 million of outstanding preferred shares from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions. The 2026 Share Repurchase Program does not have an expiration date, but may be suspended or discontinued at any time without notice. All repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to an authorized and unissued status.
Distributions
As a REIT, we generally are required to distribute annually to our shareholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and any net capital gains) and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income (determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and including any net capital gains). The Operating Partnership funds the payment of distributions.
During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company distributed an aggregate $521.2 million and $450.8 million, respectively, to common shareholders, preferred shareholders and noncontrolling interests on a cash basis.
Tax Changes in One Big Beautiful Bill Act
On July 4, 2025, the President signed into law H.R. 1, originally titled the "One Big Beautiful Bill Act" (the "Act"). The Act made several tax changes that impact us and our shareholders, the most significant of which are summarized as follows. First, the Act preserves the eligibility of REIT ordinary dividends for the qualified business income deduction in Section 199A of the Code, and it makes that deduction permanent. Second, effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2025, the Act increases the quarterly asset test limit on securities of taxable REIT subsidiaries from 20% to 25%. Finally, for purposes of the limitation on business interest deductions in Section 163(j) of the Code, the Act applies the more favorable earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") calculation for taxable years starting on or after January 1, 2025, and makes the more favorable EBITDA calculation permanent and, for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2026, the Act generally calculates the Section 163(j) limitation prior to the application of any interest capitalization provisions.
Additional Non-GAAP Measures
Funds from Operations ("FFO") / Core FFO / Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders
FFO attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we calculate in accordance with the definition approved by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("NAREIT"), which defines FFO as net income or loss calculated in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains and losses from sales or impairment of real estate, plus real estate-related depreciation and amortization (excluding amortization of deferred financing costs and depreciation of non-real estate assets), and after adjustments for unconsolidated real estate joint ventures to reflect FFO on the same basis.
Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we use as a supplemental measure of our performance. We compute this metric by adjusting FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for (1) acquisition and other transaction costs incurred with business combinations and the acquisition or disposition of properties as well as nonrecurring items unrelated to ongoing operations and adjustments for investments in proptech venture capital funds related to the pro rata equity pickup of realized and unrealized gains and losses from their portfolio investments, (2) noncash share-based compensation expense, (3) hurricane-related charges, net, which result in material charges to our single-family property portfolio, (4) gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt and (5) the allocation of income to our perpetual preferred shares in connection with their redemption.
Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders is a non-GAAP financial measure that we use as a supplemental measure of our performance. We compute this metric by adjusting Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for (1) Recurring Capital Expenditures that are necessary to help preserve the value and maintain functionality of our properties and (2) capitalized leasing costs incurred during the period. As a portion of our homes are recently developed, acquired and/or renovated, we estimate Recurring Capital Expenditures for our entire portfolio by multiplying (a) current period actual Recurring Capital Expenditures per Same-Home Property by (b) our total number of properties, excluding newly acquired non-stabilized properties and properties classified as held for sale.
We present FFO attributable to common share and unit holders because we consider this metric to be an important measure of the performance of real estate companies, as do many investors and analysts in evaluating the Company. We believe that FFO attributable to common share and unit holders provides useful information to investors because this metric excludes depreciation, which is included in computing net income and assumes the value of real estate diminishes predictably over time. We believe that real estate values fluctuate due to market conditions and in response to inflation. We also believe that Core FFO and Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders provide useful information to investors because they allow investors to compare our operating performance to prior reporting periods without the effect of certain items that, by nature, are not comparable from period to period.
FFO, Core FFO and Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders are not a substitute for net income or net cash provided by operating activities, each as determined in accordance with GAAP, as a measure of our operating performance, liquidity or ability to pay dividends. These metrics also are not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund future cash needs. Because other REITs may not compute these measures in the same manner, they may not be comparable among REITs.
The following is a reconciliation of the Company's net income attributable to common shareholders, determined in accordance with GAAP, to FFO attributable to common share and unit holders, Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders and Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (amounts in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31,
2025 2024
Net income attributable to common shareholders $ 439,030 $ 398,482
Adjustments:
Noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership 60,418 55,716
Gain on sale and impairment of single-family properties and other, net (231,460) (225,756)
Adjustments for unconsolidated real estate joint ventures 6,940 4,722
Depreciation and amortization 504,341 477,010
Less: depreciation and amortization of non-real estate assets (22,333) (19,447)
FFO attributable to common share and unit holders(1)
$ 756,936 $ 690,727
Adjustments:
Acquisition, other transaction costs and other 11,180 12,192
Noncash share-based compensation - general and administrative 16,078 20,617
Noncash share-based compensation - property management 4,090 4,814
Hurricane-related charges, net - 8,884
Loss on early extinguishment of debt 396 6,323
Core FFO attributable to common share and unit holders(1)
$ 788,680 $ 743,557
Recurring Capital Expenditures (72,605) (76,281)
Leasing costs (3,623) (3,966)
Adjusted FFO attributable to common share and unit holders(1)
$ 712,452 $ 663,310
(1)Unit holders include former AH LLC members and other non-affiliates that own Class A units in the Operating Partnership and their OP units are reflected as noncontrolling interests in the Company's consolidated financial statements. See Note 9. Shareholders' Equity / Partners' Capital to our consolidated financial statements included as a separate section in Part IV, "Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
EBITDA / EBITDAre / Adjusted EBITDAre / Fully Adjusted EBITDAre
EBITDA is defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and is used by us and others as a supplemental measure of performance. EBITDAre is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure, which we calculate in accordance with the definition approved by NAREIT by adjusting EBITDA for gains and losses from sales or impairments of single-family properties and adjusting for unconsolidated real estate joint ventures on the same basis. Adjusted EBITDAre is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure calculated by adjusting EBITDAre for (1) acquisition and other transaction costs incurred with business combinations and the acquisition or disposition of properties as well as nonrecurring items unrelated to ongoing operations and adjustments for investments in proptech venture capital funds related to the pro rata equity pickup of realized and unrealized gains and losses from their portfolio investments, (2) noncash share-based compensation expense, (3) hurricane-related
charges, net, which result in material charges to our single-family property portfolio and (4) gain or loss on early extinguishment of debt. Fully Adjusted EBITDAre is a supplemental non-GAAP financial measure calculated by adjusting Adjusted EBITDAre for (1) Recurring Capital Expenditures and (2) leasing costs. As a portion of our homes are recently developed, acquired and/or renovated, we estimate Recurring Capital Expenditures for our entire portfolio by multiplying (a) current period actual Recurring Capital Expenditures per Same-Home Property by (b) our total number of properties, excluding newly acquired non-stabilized properties and properties classified as held for sale. We believe these metrics provide useful information to investors because they exclude the impact of various income and expense items that are not indicative of operating performance.
The following is a reconciliation of net income, as determined in accordance with GAAP, to EBITDA, EBITDAre, Adjusted EBITDAre and Fully Adjusted EBITDAre for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (amounts in thousands):
For the Years Ended December 31,
2025 2024
Net income $ 513,392 $ 468,142
Interest expense 185,198 165,351
Depreciation and amortization 504,341 477,010
EBITDA $ 1,202,931 $ 1,110,503
Gain on sale and impairment of single-family properties and other, net (231,460) (225,756)
Adjustments for unconsolidated real estate joint ventures 6,940 4,722
EBITDAre $ 978,411 $ 889,469
Noncash share-based compensation - general and administrative 16,078 20,617
Noncash share-based compensation - property management 4,090 4,814
Acquisition, other transaction costs and other 11,180 12,192
Hurricane-related charges, net - 8,884
Loss on early extinguishment of debt 396 6,323
Adjusted EBITDAre $ 1,010,155 $ 942,299
Recurring Capital Expenditures (72,605) (76,281)
Leasing costs (3,623) (3,966)
Fully Adjusted EBITDAre $ 933,927 $ 862,052
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