Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ending December 31, 2024 (Form 10-K)

Management's Discussion and Analysis ofFinancial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.

Our actual results and timing of certain events may differ materially from the results discussed, projected, anticipated, or indicated in any forward-looking statements. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate may differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, they may not be predictive of results or developments in future periods.

The following information and any forward-looking statements should be considered in light of factors discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including those risks identified under Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors.

We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements made by us, which speak only as of the date they are made. We disclaim any obligation, except as specifically required by law and the rules of the SEC, to publicly update or revise any such statements to reflect any change in our expectations or in events, conditions, or circumstances on which any such statements may be based, or that may affect the likelihood that actual results will differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative, anti-inflammatory therapies for the localized treatment of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, or CRS. Our primary product candidate, LYR-210, is a bioabsorbable nasal insert designed to be administered in a simple, in-office procedure and intended to deliver six months of continuous anti-inflammatory drug therapy to the sinonasal passages for the treatment of CRS with a single administration. The drug embedded within LYR-210 is mometasone furoate, or MF, which is the active ingredient in various U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, approved drugs and has a well-established efficacy and safety profile. CRS is an inflammatory disease of the paranasal sinuses which leads to debilitating symptoms and significant morbidities and affects approximately 14 million people in the United States.

In May 2024, we announced topline results from the Company's Phase 3 ENLIGHTEN 1 trial evaluating LYR-210 for the treatment of CRS. ENLIGHTEN 1 did not meet its primary endpoint of demonstrating statistically significant improvement compared to sham control in the composite score of the three cardinal symptoms (3CS) of CRS (nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, facial pain/pressure) at 24 weeks in patients without nasal polyps. Following this announcement, we reported a reduction in force of approximately 75% of our workforce, impacting 87 employees, in addition to other cost-saving measures in order to preserve capital, including the stoppage of manufacturing and commercialization efforts for LYR-210 and pausing development efforts for LYR-220. LYR-220, our second product candidate, is substantially similar to LYR-210 and also directed at patients living with CRS, but employs a larger implant designed for patients whose nasal cavity is larger including those patients who have undergone extensive ethmoid sinus surgery.

The Company's Phase 3 ENLIGHTEN 2 clinical trial evaluating LYR-210 for the treatment of CRS is expected to read out in the second quarter of 2025 at which time the Company plans to evaluate how the data affects the potential development path for LYR-210 for patients with and without nasal polyps and to further assess the Company's strategic options.

LYR-210

LYR-210 is designed to treat CRS patients who have failed previous medical management. LYR-210 has a smaller dimension and is intended for patients with and without nasal polyps. In May 2024, we announced topline results from the Company's Phase 3 ENLIGHTEN 1 trial evaluating LYR-210 for the treatment of CRS. ENLIGHTEN 1 did not meet its primary endpoint of demonstrating statistically significant improvement compared to sham control in the composite

score of the three cardinal symptoms (3CS) of CRS (nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, facial pain/pressure) at 24 weeks in patients without nasal polyps.

At 24 weeks, the ENLIGHTEN 1 trial demonstrated the following results compared to baseline, which did not achieve statistical significance:

The data showed that LYR-210 was generally well tolerated, with no product-related serious adverse events ("AEs"). The most commonly reported AEs in the study population were epistaxis, nasal odor, upper respiratory tract infection and sinusitis. Further post-hoc analyses of the ENLIGHTEN 1 data showed that LYR-210 had a positive effect compared to sham control in 3CS, nasal congestion, and nasal polyp scores at 24 weeks in the subgroup of 35 CRS patients with nasal polyps.

The 52-week extension stage of the ENLIGHTEN 1 trial was completed in the fourth quarter of 2024. Safety data for LYR-210 in the extension stage was generally consistent with the 24-week primary treatment stage, including for those patients that received a repeat dosing resulting in a 12-month treatment period. In the extension stage, LYR-210 was generally well tolerated, with no product-related serious AEs. The most commonly reported extension stage AEs in the study population were chronic sinusitis, nasal odor, epistaxis, sinusitis, and nasopharyngitis. ENLIGHTEN 2, the second pivotal Phase 3 trial of LYR-210 in CRS, is ongoing, and enrollment completed in October 2024. Topline results from the ENLIGHTEN 2 trial are expected in the second quarter of 2025.

LYR-220

In connection with the cost-saving efforts announced in May 2024, the Company paused development efforts for LYR-220, our second pipeline product candidate. LYR-220 is designed for use in CRS patients who have failed previous medical management and who continue to require treatment to manage CRS symptoms despite having had ethmoid sinus surgery. LYR-220 employs a larger implant designed for patients whose nasal cavity is larger including those patients who have undergone extensive ethmoid sinus surgery. We conducted a Phase 2 clinical trial of LYR-220, called BEACON. The BEACON trial was a controlled parallel-group study to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics ("PK"), and efficacy comparing two designs of the LYR-220 (7500µg MF) matrix to control, over a 24-week period, in approximately 50 symptomatic adult CRS subjects who have had a prior bilateral sinus surgery. In September 2023, we reported positive topline results from BEACON, demonstrating statistically significant and clinically relevant improvements in the 3CS and SNOT-22 scores at 24 weeks.

Our Technology

Our innovative and proprietary drug delivery technology is designed to locally and continuously deliver small molecule drugs to the affected tissue over a sustained period of time from a single administration. The technology is comprised of three interrelated components:

Our operations to date have been limited to organizing and staffing our Company, business planning, raising capital, developing our technology, building our intellectual property portfolio and conducting research and development activities, including clinical manufacturing for our product candidates. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales.

On May 5, 2020, we completed our IPO in which we issued and sold 4,025,000 shares of our common stock (including shares issued upon the underwriters' exercise in full of their option to purchase additional shares of our common stock) at a public offering price of $16.00 per share, par value $0.001, for aggregate gross proceeds of $64.4 million. We received approximately $57.3 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses paid by us. The shares began trading on The Nasdaq Global Market on May 1, 2020. Upon completion of our IPO, all of our outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock converted into 8,335,248 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001.

From inception through December 31, 2024, we have raised an aggregate of $424.8 million to fund our operations, of which $162.1 million were gross proceeds from sales of our redeemable convertible preferred stock, $96.3 million were net proceeds from our April 2022 Financing (as defined below), $46.5 million were net proceeds from our May 2023 Financing, $57.3 million were net proceeds from our initial public offering, $23.9 million were net proceeds related to our Controlled Equity Offering Agreement (the "Original Sales Agreement") dated September 1, 2023, $16.8 million were gross proceeds from government contracts, $17.0 million were gross proceeds from the LianBio License Agreement, and $3.8 million were gross proceeds from the exercise of common stock warrants. Further, we currently have an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-278163) filed with the SEC on March 22, 2024 ("Form S-3"), under which we may offer from time to time in one or more offerings any combination of common and preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units of up to $300.0 million in the aggregate.

We have incurred recurring net operating losses every year since inception and expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year and could be substantial. Our net losses inception to date were $404.8 million at December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $40.6 million of cash and cash equivalents. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for one year from the date these condensed consolidated financial statements are issued.

In May 2024, we announced a reduction in force of approximately 75% of our workforce, impacting 87 employees ("May 2024 RIF"), in addition to other cost-saving measures in order to preserve capital, including the stoppage of manufacturing and commercialization efforts for LYR-210 and pausing development efforts for LYR-220. Nevertheless, we anticipate that we will continue to incur expenses as we continue the ongoing ENLIGHTEN 2 Phase 3 clinical trial of LYR-210.

We do not expect to generate revenue from product sales unless and until we successfully complete clinical development and obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate. In the future, in the event we obtain financing and decide to restart our manufacturing activities, we may engage third party contract manufacturers ("CMOs") to manufacture our products. We do not yet have a sales organization. If we obtain regulatory approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution. Furthermore, we will continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. As a result, we need

substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to fund our operations through public or private equity or debt financings or other sources, including strategic collaborations and licensing arrangements. We may, however, be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other arrangements when needed on favorable terms or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into such other arrangements as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to develop our current product candidate or any additional product candidates, if developed.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with therapeutics product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate revenue from product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

Based on our current operating plan, management has concluded that there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling $40.6 million. Management believes that our existing cash and cash equivalents will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first quarter of 2026. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be imprecise or incorrect, and we may use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources." Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development of our product candidates and any future product candidates and technology, and because the extent to which we may enter into collaborations with third parties for development of any of our product candidates is unknown, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the research, development and manufacturing of our product candidates.

If we raise additional funds through additional collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs, or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce, or terminate our product development programs or any future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Nasdaq Listing Notification

On July 19, 2024, we received a written notice (the "Notice") from The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC ("Nasdaq") notifying us that for the last 30 consecutive business days, the bid price for our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, had closed below the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued inclusion on The Nasdaq Global Market as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) ("the Minimum Bid Price Requirement"). The Notice had no effect at the time on the listing of our common stock, which continued to trade on The Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol "LYRA."

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(C), we had a period of 180 calendar days, or until January 15, 2025 (the "Compliance Date") to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. To regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement, the closing bid price of the common stock must be at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days prior to the Compliance Date.

To qualify for a second 180 calendar day compliance period, we were required to submit an application to transfer the listing of our common stock to The Nasdaq Capital Market, which requires us to meet the continued listing requirement for the market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for The Nasdaq Capital Market, with the exception of the bid price requirement. We also paid an application fee to Nasdaq and provided written notice of our intention to cure the deficiency during the additional compliance period. We were notified by Nasdaq on January 31, 2025 that Nasdaq had granted our request to transfer the listing of our common stock from The Nasdaq Global Market tier to The Nasdaq Capital Market tier, effective February 4, 2025. The transfer of the listing of our common stock from The Nasdaq Global Market to The Nasdaq Capital Market took effect with the open of business on February 4, 2025.On January 31, 2025, Nasdaq granted our request for a second 180-calendar day period, or until July 14, 2025 to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. To regain compliance, we must evidence a closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days.

We intend to actively monitor the closing bid price of our common stock and may, if appropriate, consider implementing available options to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement. There can be no assurance

that we will be able to regain compliance with the Minimum Bid Price Requirement or maintain compliance with any other listing requirements. For more information, see "Risk Factors-Our common stock may be delisted from The Nasdaq Capital Market if we cannot regain compliance with Nasdaq's continued listing requirements, which could harm our business, the trading price of our common stock, our ability to raise additional capital and the liquidity of the market for our common stock" in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recent Developments

In connection with the ENLIGHTEN 1 trial failing to meet its primary endpoint, on May 16, 2024, the Board approved a reduction in the Company's workforce impacting 87 employees, which occurred during May and June 2024. Moreover, we stopped manufacturing and commercialization efforts for LYR-210, as well as development efforts for LYR-220 in an effort to reduce operating expenses.

We are currently considering various operational and strategic options in light of the failure of the ENLIGHTEN 1 trial to meet its primary endpoint, including additional clinical trials, the sale of assets, or a strategic business combination. The Board has not decided on a specific plan other than to reduce operating expenses in order to manage its cash position. Furthermore, we are currently in the process of marketing all of our leased properties for sub-leasing arrangements, and we may also seek to negotiate an early termination of our leases with our landlords.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products in the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2024, we have recognized $4.7 million of collaboration revenue from our LianBio License Agreement.

If our development efforts for our product candidates are successful and result in regulatory approval and successful commercialization efforts, or additional collaboration agreements, we may generate revenue in the future from product sales, payments from additional collaboration or license agreements that we may enter into with third parties, or any combination thereof. We cannot predict if, when, or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of our product candidates. We may never succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for any of our product candidates.

We expect that any revenue over the next several years would be derived primarily from our collaboration agreement with LianBio. We cannot provide assurance as to the timing of future milestones or royalty payments from LianBio or that we will receive any of these payments at all, especially in view of LianBio's wind down activities.

Collaboration Agreement

On September 26, 2022, we entered into an amended LianBio License Agreement with LianBio to develop and commercialize LYR-210 in Greater China (mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau), South Korea, Singapore and Thailand. Under the terms of the LianBio License Agreement, we received an upfront payment of $12.0 million. In February 2022, the Company achieved a development milestone of $5.0 million for dosing the first patient in the U.S., and the related cash amount was achieved in April 2022. The Company is eligible to receive up to $135.0 million in future payments based upon the achievement of specified development, regulatory and commercialization milestones. Upon commercialization on a region-by-region basis, we will be entitled to receive low double-digit royalties based on net sales of LYR-210 in the licensed territories. LianBio will be responsible for the clinical development and commercialization of LYR-210 in the licensed territories, and we will retain all rights to LYR-210 in all other geographies. As part of the LianBio License Agreement, LianBio will also have the first right to obtain development and commercial rights in the licensed territories to our LYR-220 product candidate.

We assessed this arrangement in accordance with ASC 606 and concluded that the contract counterparty, LianBio, is a customer. At the commencement of the arrangement, we identified the following material promises: (1) license to develop and commercialize LYR-210, (2) manufacturing activities related to the clinical supply of LYR-210, (3) a non-exclusive license to manufacture LYR-210 and obligation to transfer manufacturing technology in the case of a supply failure, and (4) the Company's performance of the development activities related to the global Phase 3 clinical trial. We determined that the license to develop and commercialize LYR-210, the manufacturing activities related to the clinical supply of LYR-210, and the non-exclusive license to manufacture LYR-210 and obligation to transfer manufacturing technology in

the case of a supply failure represent a single performance obligation because of the specialized nature of the LYR-210 manufacturing process whereby the license cannot be separated from the manufacturing activities related to the supply of LYR-210 and the right to manufacture LYR-210 is only available if there is a supply failure. For the purposes of ASC 606, we determined there were two distinct performance obligations: (1) the license to develop and commercialize LYR-210, manufacturing activities related to the clinical supply of LYR-210, and the non-exclusive license to manufacture LYR-210 and obligation to transfer manufacturing technology in the case of a supply failure, and (2) the Company's performance of the development activities related to the global Phase 3 clinical trial.

Under the LianBio License Agreement, in order to evaluate the transaction price for purposes of ASC 606, we determined that the upfront payment of $12.0 million and the reimbursable cost of the clinical supply of LYR-210 constitute the entirety of the consideration to be included in the transaction price as of the outset of the arrangement, which was allocated to the two performance obligations. The potential milestone payments that we are eligible to receive were excluded from the transaction price, as all milestone amounts were fully constrained based on the probability of achievement.

Additionally, we determined that LianBio's right of first refusal to obtain development and commercial rights in the licensed territories to LYR-220 is an option as any agreement would be negotiated at arm's length and as a result does not provide a material right to LianBio and as such, is not considered a performance obligation.

We will recognize the revenue associated with the license to develop and commercialize LYR-210, manufacturing activities related to the clinical supply of LYR-210, and the non-exclusive license to manufacture LYR-210 and obligation to transfer manufacturing technology in the case of a supply failure combined performance obligation as the clinical supply of LYR-210 is delivered. We recognize revenue associated with the development activities related to the global Phase 3 clinical trial performance obligation as the development activities are performed using an input method, according to the costs incurred as to the development activities related to the global Phase 3 clinical trial and the costs expected to be incurred in the future to satisfy the performance obligation. The transfer of control occurs over this time period and, in management's judgment, is the best measure of progress towards satisfying the performance obligation. The amounts received that have not yet been recognized as revenue are deferred as a contract liability on our consolidated balance sheet and will be recognized as the clinical supply of LYR-210 is delivered and over the remaining time it takes to conduct the global Phase 3 clinical trial, respectively.

LianBio announced that in October 2023 its board of directors commenced a comprehensive strategic review of its business. The LianBio Board ultimately concluded that selling off assets and winding down operations was the best way to realize maximum shareholder value. LianBio reported that a substantial portion of the wind down activities, including fulfillment of transition service obligations under its existing agreements and gradual cessation of currently active clinical trials, will be completed by the end of 2024. LianBio announced in February 2024 that it was further reducing the size of its workforce to approximately 50 employees with plans to reduce that number further over the course of 2024. LianBio stated it will maintain a core group of employees necessary to implement an orderly wind down and support its efforts to maximize the value of its remaining business and assets including the collaboration with the Company. Due to these developments, the future of the Company's collaboration with LianBio is uncertain as LianBio continues its wind down, while seeking a third party to acquire LianBio's rights under the LianBio License Agreement. In November 2024 we entered into a novation agreement which substituted LianBio Cayman for LianBio HK. For more information, please see "Risk Factors - If LianBio HK, as defined below, is unable to find a third party to acquire its rights under the LianBio License Agreement, as defined below, it may materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects".

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses since inception have consisted solely of research and development costs and general and administrative costs.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including the development of and pursuit of regulatory approval of our most advanced product candidate, LYR-210, for the treatment of CRS, which include:

We expense research and development costs as incurred. We recognize costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as clinical site activations, patient enrollment, or information provided to us by our vendors and our clinical investigative sites. Payments for these activities are based on the terms of the individual agreements, which may differ from the pattern of costs incurred, and may be reflected in our consolidated financial statements as prepaid or accrued research and development expenses.

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of costs such as employee compensation, consulting fees, fees paid to CMOs and CRO expenses in connection with our clinical development activities, which have largely been suspended following the restructuring we implemented in May 2024.

We typically use our employee and infrastructure resources across our development programs and we do not allocate personnel costs and other internal costs to specific product candidates or development programs with the exception of the costs to manufacture our product candidates.

Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We expect that our research and development expenses will decrease for the foreseeable future as we implemented a layoff of 75% of our workforce in May 2024 and ceased most manufacturing and CMC-related activities. Research and development expenses will be primarily focused on continuing the ongoing ENLIGHTEN 2 Phase 3 clinical trial of LYR-210.

The successful development of LYR-210, and other potential future product candidates is highly uncertain. Accordingly, at this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing, and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the development of these product candidates. We are also unable to predict when, if ever, we will generate revenue and material net cash inflows from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates for which we may obtain marketing approval. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our product candidates. The duration, costs, and timing of preclinical studies, clinical trials, and development of our product candidates will depend on a variety of factors, including:

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development, manufacture, or commercialization enabling activities of any of our product candidates would significantly change the costs, timing, and viability associated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if the FDA or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development of a product candidate, or if we experience significant delays in our clinical trials due to patient enrollment or other reasons, we may be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in executive, finance, and administrative functions. General and administrative expenses also include direct and allocated facility-related costs as well as professional fees for legal, patent, consulting, investor, public relations, accounting, auditing, tax services, and insurance costs.

We expect that our general and administrative expenses will remain stable in the future to support existing research and development activities. Additionally, we will continue to incur expenses associated with being a public company, including costs of accounting, audit, legal, regulatory, and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with exchange listing and SEC requirements, director and officer insurance costs, and investor and public relations costs.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax consists of income tax related to the Company's Massachusetts Security Corporation. The Company has not recorded any benefits related to its operating losses due to uncertainty regarding future taxable income.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our management's discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities in our consolidated financial statements during the reporting periods and estimates used to assess our ability to continue as a going concern. These items are monitored and analyzed by us for changes in facts and circumstances, and material changes in these estimates could occur in the future. We base our estimates on historical experience, known trends and events, and various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Changes in estimates are reflected in reported results for the period in which they become known. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe the following accounting policies used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements require the most significant judgments and estimates.

Going Concern Evaluation and Presentation

Based on our current operating plan, we believe that our current cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments will be sufficient to enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the first quarter of 2026. Significant assumptions exist surrounding the use of our capital resources which could give rise to the use of available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Changing circumstances could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to spend more than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. Because the length of time and activities associated with successful development of LYR-210 and LYR-220 is highly uncertain, we are unable to estimate the actual funds we will require for development, approval, and any approved marketing and commercialization activities.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets consist of property and equipment and right-of-use assets. Management continually evaluates long-lived assets for potential impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the book values of the assets to the expected future net undiscounted cash flows that the assets are expected to generate. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the book values of the assets exceed their fair value. We also assess our right-of-use assets for impairment based on triggering events.

Revenue Recognition

Under ASC Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price, including variable consideration, if any; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the consideration to which it is entitled in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer.

Once a contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations. Arrangements that include rights to additional goods or services that are exercisable at a customer's discretion are generally considered options. We assess if these options provide a material right to the customer and if so, they are considered performance obligations. The identification of material rights requires judgments related to the determination of the value of the underlying good or service relative to the option exercise price. The exercise of a material right is accounted for as a contract modification for accounting purposes.

We assess whether each promised good or service is distinct for the purpose of identifying the performance obligations in the contract. This assessment involves subjective determinations and requires management to make judgments about the individual promised goods or services and whether such are separable from the other aspects of the contractual relationship. Promised goods and services are considered distinct provided that: (i) the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer (that is, the good or service is capable of being distinct) and (ii) the entity's promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract (that is, the promise to transfer the good or service is distinct within the context of the contract). In assessing whether a promised good or service is distinct, we consider factors such as the research, manufacturing and commercialization capabilities of the collaboration partner, and the availability of the associated expertise in the general marketplace. We also consider the intended benefit of the contract in assessing whether a promised good or service is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. If a promised good or service is not distinct, an entity is required to combine that good or service with other promised goods or services until it identifies a bundle of goods or services that is distinct.

The transaction price is then determined and allocated to the identified performance obligations in proportion to their standalone selling prices ("SSP") on a relative SSP basis. SSP is determined at contract inception and is not updated to reflect changes between contract inception and when the performance obligations are satisfied. Determining the SSP for performance obligations requires significant judgment. In developing the SSP for a performance obligation, we consider applicable market conditions and relevant entity-specific factors, including factors that were contemplated in negotiating the agreement with the customer and estimated costs. We validate the SSP for performance obligations by evaluating whether

changes in the key assumptions used to determine the SSP will have a material effect on the allocation of arrangement consideration between multiple performance obligations.

If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount, we estimate the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer. We determine the amount of variable consideration by using the expected value method or the most likely amount method. We include the unconstrained amount of estimated variable consideration in the transaction price. The amount included in the transaction price is constrained to the amount for which it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, we re-evaluate the estimated variable consideration included in the transaction price and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis in the period of adjustment.

If an arrangement includes development and regulatory milestone payments, we evaluate whether the milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within our control or the licensee's control, such as regulatory approvals, are generally not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received.

For arrangements with licenses of intellectual property that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments based on the level of sales, and the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, we recognize royalty revenue and sales-based milestones at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied.

In determining the transaction price, we adjust consideration for the effects of the time value of money if the timing of payments provides us with a significant benefit of financing. We do not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the licensees and the transfer of the promised goods or services to the licensees will be one year or less. We assessed our revenue generating arrangement in order to determine whether a significant financing component exists and concluded that a significant financing component does not exist.

We then recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) each performance obligation is satisfied, either at a point in time or over time, and if over time recognition is based on the use of an output or input method.

Collaborative arrangement revenue

On May 31, 2021, and amended on September 26, 2022, the Company entered into the LianBio License Agreement with LianBio, to develop and commercialize LYR-210 in Greater China (mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau), South Korea, Singapore and Thailand. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion of the arrangement.

As part of the accounting for this arrangement, we must develop assumptions that require judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract. For example, a proportion of the stand-alone selling price is related to research and clinical trial work and development performed whereby revenue is recognized as the underlying services are performed using a cost-to-cost model. We measure the extent of progress towards completion based on the ratio of actual costs incurred to the total estimated costs expected upon satisfying the identified performance obligation.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing purchase orders and open contracts, communicating with our personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf, and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the services when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of the actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed, on a pre-determined schedule, or when contractual milestones are met; however, some require advance payments. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary.

The significant estimates in our accrued research and development expenses include the following costs incurred for services in connection with research and development activities for which we have not yet been invoiced:

Prior to implementing our restructuring in May 2024, our practice was to contract with CROs to conduct clinical and other research and development services on our behalf. We base our expenses related to CROs on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with them. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our CROs will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the research and development expense. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual or amount of prepaid expense accordingly. Non-refundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity has been performed or when the goods have been received rather than when the payment is made.

Although we do not expect our estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, there have not been any material adjustments to our prior estimates of accrued research and development expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation

We apply the fair value recognition provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, or ASC 718, for stock-based awards granted to employees and directors for their services on the Board of Directors. Determining the amount of stock-based compensation to be recorded requires us to develop estimates of the fair value of stock options as of their grant date. We estimate the fair value of each stock option grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Calculating the fair value of stock-based awards requires that we make subjective assumptions.

Pursuant to ASC 718, we measure stock-based awards granted to employees and members of the Board of Directors at fair value on the date of grant and recognize the corresponding stock-based compensation expense of those awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the respective award. We have historically granted stock options with exercise prices equivalent to the fair value of our common stock as of the date of grant.

We account for stock-based awards to non-employees in accordance with ASU No. 2018-07, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, or ASU No. 2018-07, which simplifies the accounting for stock-based payments granted to non-employees for goods and services. Under ASU No. 2018-07, most of the guidance on such payments to non-employees would be aligned with the requirements for stock-based payments granted to employees. Stock-based compensation arrangements to non-employees are accounted for in accordance with the applicable provisions of ASC 718 using a grant date fair value approach.

The Black-Scholes option-pricing model uses the following inputs: the fair value of our common stock, the expected volatility of our common stock, the expected term of our stock options, the risk-free interest rate for a period that approximates the expected term of our stock options, and our expected dividend yield. We utilize historical volatility to approximate expected volatility. Prior to our IPO in 2020, we have historically been a private company and lack company-specific historical and implied volatility data. Therefore, we have based our computation of expected volatility on the historical volatility of a representative group of public companies with similar characteristics to us, including stage of product development, life science industry focus, length of trading history, and similar vesting provisions. The historical volatility data is calculated based on a period of time commensurate with the expected term assumption. We will continue to apply this process until a sufficient amount of historical information regarding the volatility of our own stock price becomes available or until circumstances change, such that the identified entities are no longer representative companies. In the latter case, more

suitable, similar entities whose share prices are publicly available would be utilized in the calculation. We use the simplified method as prescribed by the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 107, Share-Based Payment, to calculate the expected term for options granted to employees as it does not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term. The expected term is applied to the stock option grant group as a whole, as we do not expect substantially different exercise or post-vesting termination behavior among its employee population. For options granted to non-employees, we utilize the contractual term of the share-based payment as the basis for the expected term assumption. The risk-free interest rate is based on a treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected term of the stock options. The expected dividend yield is assumed to be zero as we have never paid cash dividends and has no current plans to pay any cash dividends on its common stock. Our policy is to recognize forfeitures as they occur.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

		Year Ended December 31,								Dollar
		2024				2023				Change
Collaboration revenue		$	1,534			$	1,558			$	(24	)
Operating expenses:
Research and development			43,766				48,029				(4,263	)
General and administrative			18,501				19,057				(556	)
Impairment of property and equipment			1,883				1,592				291
Impairment of right-of-use assets			22,836				-				22,836
Restructuring and other related charges			10,896				-				10,896
Total operating expenses			97,882				68,678				29,204
Loss from operations			(96,348	)			(67,120	)			(29,228	)
Other income:
Interest income			2,952				4,499				(1,547	)
Total other income			2,952				4,499				(1,547	)
Loss before income tax expense			(93,396	)			(62,621	)			(30,775	)
Income tax expense			(39	)			(59	)			20
Net loss		$	(93,435	)		$	(62,680	)		$	(30,755	)

Collaboration Revenue

The decrease in collaboration revenue was a result of a decrease in revenue recognized under the LianBio License Agreement.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expense decreased by $4.3 million to $43.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $48.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The decrease in research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to a decrease in clinical related costs of $5.5 million as we completed both the BEACON trial for LYR-220 and the ENLIGHTEN 1 trial for LYR-210, a decrease of $3.5 million in employee related costs primarily driven by the May 2024 RIF, and a decrease in product development and manufacturing costs of $1.0 million. This decrease in costs was partially offset by increases in allocation and support costs and depreciation of $4.7 million, an increase in professional and consulting costs of $0.4 million and a $0.6 million gain recorded in 2023 related to our legal settlement with a former contract manufacturer.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expense decreased by $0.6 million to $18.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $19.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The decrease in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily driven by a decrease in professional, consulting and public company fees of $0.7 million as we scaled back activities subsequent to announcing in May 2024 that the ENLIGHTEN 1 trial did not meet its primary endpoint, in addition to a decrease in employee related costs of $0.8 million primarily due to the May 2024 RIF and $0.4 million incurred in 2023 related to our financing efforts. This decrease in costs was partially offset by a net increase in allocation, support, depreciation and financing costs of $1.3 million primarily due to the increased rent and facilities expenses for the Company's three leased facilities for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Impairment & Restructuring and Other Related Charges

The Company incurred impairment costs related to property and equipment of $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. During the second quarter of 2024 and as a result of our Phase 3 ENLIGHTEN 1 trial failing to meet its primary endpoint, we performed a recoverability test for property and equipment and concluded that the undiscounted cash flows associated with our property and equipment was less than its carrying value. We then compared the fair value of the property and equipment to the carrying value and recorded an impairment charge in the amount of $1.9 million which is included as an impairment of property and equipment in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company incurred impairment costs related to our right-of-use assets of $22.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to no such charges in 2023. In connection with our Phase 3 ENLIGHTEN 1 trial failing to meet its primary endpoint, in May 2024, we engaged a commercial real estate broker to market the Company's three leased properties for sublease arrangements. As of December 31, 2024, we have not sublet any of our leased properties. Based upon these impairment indicators, we performed a recoverability test over our right-of-use assets and concluded that the right-of-use assets are impaired. As a result, we recorded an impairment charge in the amount of $22.8 million, which is included as an impairment of right-of-use assets in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The Company incurred a restructuring charge in the amount of $10.9 million primarily related to severance and retention costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to no such charges in 2023. In connection with our ENLIGHTEN 1 trial failing to meet its primary endpoint, on May 16, 2024, our Board of Directors approved a reduction in our workforce, impacting 87 employees, which occurred during May and June 2024. We incurred costs related to employee termination benefits and other costs associated with the restructuring mainly during the second quarter of 2024, with the remainder of the costs to be incurred through May 1, 2025. These amounts are recorded as restructuring and other related charges within our consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as they are incurred. For the year ended December 31, 2024, restructuring and other related charges consisted of $6.7 million of severance costs, $3.2 million of retention costs, and $1.0 million of other costs.

Interest Income

Interest income decreased by $1.5 million to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Interest income for both periods was primarily attributable to interest earned on the Company's cash equivalents and short-term investments and the decrease was largely due to the net decrease in the combined balance of short-term investments and cash equivalents for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Income Tax Expense

During the year ended December 31, 2024 we recorded an income tax expense of $39,000 related to investment income, which was related to our cash equivalents and short-term investments held by our Massachusetts Securities Corporation. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded an income tax expense of $59,000 related to our money market funds and short-term investments held by the Massachusetts Securities Corporation. The increase in income tax expense was primarily attributable to the balance held within our short-term investments.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

From inception through December 31, 2024 we have raised an aggregate of $424.8 million to fund our operations, of which $162.1 million were gross proceeds from sales of our redeemable convertible preferred stock, $96.3 million were net proceeds from our April 2022 Financing (defined below), $46.5 million were net proceeds from our May 2023 Financing, $57.3 million were net proceeds from our initial public offering, $23.9 million were net proceeds related to our Original Sales Agreement dated September 1, 2023, $16.8 million were gross proceeds from government contracts, $17.0 million were gross proceeds from the LianBio License Agreement, and $3.8 million were gross proceeds from the exercise of common stock warrants.

The following table provides information regarding our total cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments at December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

		As of December 31,
		2024				2023
Cash and cash equivalents		$	40,577			$	22,353
Short-term investments			-				80,400
Total		$	40,577			$	102,753

We maintain the majority of our cash and cash equivalents in accounts with major highly rated multi-national and local financial institutions, and our deposits at these institutions exceed insured limits. Market conditions can impact the viability of these institutions, and any inability to access or delay in accessing these funds could adversely affect our business and financial position.

Under the shelf registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-256020) filed with the SEC on May 11, 2021, or the Form S-3, under which we may offer from time to time in one or more offerings any combination of common and preferred stock, debt securities, warrants and units of up to $250.0 million in the aggregate. See Note 10 for additional details.

On May 11, 2021, we entered into an Open Market Sales Agreement, or 2021 ATM Agreement, or Sales Agreement, with Jefferies LLC, or Jefferies, to sell shares of our common stock, from time to time, with aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to $50.0 million, through an at-the-market equity offering program under which Jefferies will act as our sales agent. As of December 31, 2022, we had received no proceeds from the sale of shares of common stock pursuant to the 2021 ATM Agreement. As of March 27, 2023 we terminated the 2021 ATM agreement with Jefferies.

On April 13, 2022, we announced the closing of the private placement of common stock (or, in lieu thereof, pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock), resulting in gross proceeds of approximately $100.5 million ("April 2022 Financing"). We received approximately $96.3 million in net proceeds after deducting estimated offering costs of $4.2 million. Pursuant to the securities purchase agreement, (i) certain investors purchased an aggregate of 18,815,159 shares of common stock at $4.22 per share for gross proceeds to the Company of $79.4 million and (ii) certain investors purchased pre-funded warrants to purchase an aggregate of 5,000,000 shares of common stock, with the exercise price of $0.001 per share for gross proceeds of $21.1 million to the Company. The warrants are exercisable on and after April 13, 2022 and expire on April 12, 2027.

On May 25, 2023, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the "Purchase Agreement"), with the purchasers named therein (the "Investors"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell securities to the Investors in a private placement (the "Private Placement"). The Purchase Agreement provided for the sale and issuance by the Company of: (i) an aggregate of 17,652,962 shares (the "Shares") of the Company's common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the "Common Stock"), and pre-funded warrants to purchase up to 2,408,188 shares of Common Stock (the "Pre-Funded Warrants"), with an exercise price of $0.001 per share, and (ii) accompanying warrants to purchase up to 10,030,575 shares of Common Stock (the "Purchase Warrants"), with an exercise price of $2.673 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $50.0 million, before deducting private placement expenses. Each Share (or Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase one share) was issued with an accompanying Purchase Warrant to purchase one-half of one share, and the combined effective purchase price per share (or Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase one share) and accompanying Purchase Warrant to purchase one-half of one share was $2.4925 (less the exercise price of the Pre-Funded Warrant, if applicable). Each Pre-Funded

Warrant was exercisable immediately and will expire on May 31, 2028. Each Purchase Warrant will be exercisable at any time on or after November 30, 2023 and will expire on November 30, 2028.

The closing of the Private Placement occurred on May 31, 2023.

On September 1, 2023, we entered into a Controlled Equity Offering Sales Agreement (the "Sales Agreement") with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. ("Cantor") pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through Cantor, shares of the Company's common stock for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $50.0 million. The offering and sale of up to $50.0 million of the common shares has been registered under the Securities Act, pursuant to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-256020) (the "Registration Statement"), which was originally filed with the SEC on May 11, 2021, and declared effective by the SEC on May 20, 2021, the base prospectus contained within the Registration Statement, and a prospectus supplement relating to the shares that was filed with the SEC on September 1, 2023.

Pursuant to the Sales Agreement, Cantor may sell the shares in sales deemed to be "at the market offerings" as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act. The Company has no obligation to sell any of the shares under the Sales Agreement and may at any time suspend or terminate the offering of the shares pursuant to the Sales Agreement upon notice to Cantor and subject to other conditions. Cantor will act as sales agent and will use commercially reasonable efforts to sell on the Company's behalf all of the shares requested to be sold by the Company, on mutually agreed terms between Cantor and the Company.

The Sales Agreement contains customary representations, warranties and agreements by the Company, and indemnification obligations of the Company and Cantor and other obligations of the parties. Under the terms of the Sales Agreement, the Company has agreed to pay Cantor a commission equal to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from any shares sold through it pursuant to the Sales Agreement. In addition, we have agreed to reimburse certain expenses incurred by Cantor in connection with the Sales Agreement.

On October 2, 2023, we sold an aggregate of 3,017,568 shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, at a weighted average price of $3.71 per share, which generated net proceeds of $10.9 million. On November 15, 2023, the Company sold an aggregate of 3,000,000 shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, at a weighted average price of $2.88 per share, which generated net proceeds of $8.2 million. On February 12, 2024, the Company sold an aggregate of 1,041,666 shares of common stock under the Sales Agreement, at a weighted average price of $4.80 per share, which generated net proceeds of $4.8 million.

The Sales Agreement entered into on September 1, 2023 was amended on March 22, 2024, as we entered into an Amended and Restated Controlled Equity Offering Agreement (the "Amended Sales Agreement") with Cantor pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time through Cantor, shares of our common stock for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $75.0 million. As of December 31, 2024, there was $23.9 million in proceeds net of issuance costs of $0.9 million generated from these agreements with $50.2 million still available for future sale under the Amended Sales Agreement.

Cash Flows

The following table provides information regarding our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

		Year Ended December 31,
		2024				2023
Net cash used in operating activities		$	(70,011	)		$	(63,304	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities			80,305				(12,584	)
Net cash provided by financing activities			8,531				65,691
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		$	18,825			$	(10,197	)

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

The cash used in operating activities resulted primarily from our net losses adjusted for non-cash charges and changes in components of working capital.

Net cash used in operating activities was $70.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily resulting from our net loss of $93.4 million, partially offset by non-cash adjustments of $29.8 million and cash used from

changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $6.3 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities and our general and administrative expenses. Our net non-cash charges during the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of a $22.8 million impairment of right-of-use assets, $6.7 million of share-based compensation expense, $1.9 million impairment of long-lived assets, $0.5 million of depreciation expense and other charges of $0.2 million, which were partially offset by $2.3 million of net amortization of premiums on short-term investments. Net cash used in our operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2024 consisted of a $7.9 million decrease in accrued expenses and accounts payable, a decrease of $3.4 million in operating lease liabilities and a decrease of $1.5 million in deferred revenue, partially offset by a $4.3 million increase in the restructuring liability, a $1.4 million increase in operating right-of-use assets and a $0.8 million increase in other assets, net of a $0.4 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets. Increases and decreases in operating assets and liabilities were affected by the timing of payments.

Net cash used in operating activities was $63.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily resulting from our net loss of $62.7 million, partially offset by non-cash adjustments of $4.3 million and cash used from changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $4.9 million. Our net loss was primarily attributed to research and development activities and our general and administrative expenses. Our net non-cash charges during the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily consisted of $5.9 million of share-based compensation expense, $1.6 million of non-cash loss on impairment of long-lived assets and $0.3 million of depreciation expense, which were partially offset by $3.5 million of net amortization of premiums on short-term investments. Net cash used in our operating assets and liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2023 consisted primarily of a decrease of $1.6 million of deferred revenue, as well as an increase in right-of-use assets of $5.1 million, a decrease in operating lease liabilities, of $1.2 million, both of which were partially offset by an increase in accrued expenses and accounts payable of $1.9 million and a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets of $1.1 million due to the timing of payments.

Net Cash Provided by and Used in Investing Activities

Net cash provided by investing activities was $80.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to net cash used in investing activities of $12.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in net cash provided by and the decrease in net cash used in investing activities was attributable to changes in the net purchases and sales of short-term investments.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $8.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $65.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in cash provided by financing activities of $57.2 million was primarily attributable to the change in net proceeds from our equity financings. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Company's equity financings.

Funding Requirements

We expect to continue to incur expenses in connection with our ongoing activities, primarily the ongoing ENLIGHTEN 2 Phase 3 trial evaluating LYR-210. To the extent we obtain marketing approval for any of our product candidates, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, manufacturing, and distribution. Furthermore, we will continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company. Accordingly, we will need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on attractive terms, we would be forced to delay, reduce, or eliminate our research and development programs or future commercialization efforts.

Although management has concluded that there is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern, this conclusion is based on our analysis under applicable accounting standards. Based on our current business plan, we anticipate that our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investment balance is sufficient to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditures into the first quarter of 2026. However, we have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong. If, for any reason, our expenses differ materially from our assumptions or we utilize our cash more quickly than anticipated, or if we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis we may be required to revise our business plan and strategy, which may result in us further curtailing, delaying or discontinuing one or more of our research or development programs. As a result, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Management's plans to obtain resources for the Company include obtaining capital from the sale of its equity securities, entering into strategic partnership arrangements and short-term borrowings from banks, stockholders or other

related parties, if needed, and other strategic alternatives or transactions. However, management cannot provide any assurance that the Company will be successful in accomplishing any of its plans.

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

Identifying potential product candidates and conducting pre-clinical testing and clinical trials is a time-consuming, expensive and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the necessary data or results required to obtain marketing approval and achieve product sales. In addition, our product candidates, if approved, may not achieve commercial success. Our commercial revenues, if any, will be derived from sales of products that we do not expect to be commercially available for many years, if at all. Accordingly, we will need to continue to rely on additional financing to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

Further, the global economy, including credit and financial markets, has periodically experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, rising interest and inflation rates, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates and uncertainty about economic stability. All of these factors could impact our liquidity and future funding requirements, including but not limited to our ability to raise additional capital when needed on acceptable terms, if at all. The duration of any economic slowdown is uncertain and the impact on our business is difficult to predict. See "Risk Factors- Unstable global political or economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and share price".

Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, and licensing arrangements. We do not have any committed external source of funds. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interests may be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that could adversely affect your rights as a common stockholder. We may have access to additional funds to be earned in connection with our LianBio License Agreement, if development activities are successful under that agreement. However, the future of this collaboration is uncertain in view of LianBio's major restructuring, as discussed herein. Any debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, or declaring dividends, that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business.

If we raise funds through additional collaborations, strategic alliances, or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs, or product candidates, or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, reduce, or terminate our product development or future commercialization efforts or grant rights to develop and market product candidates that we would otherwise prefer to develop and market ourselves.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The JOBS Act permits an "emerging growth company" such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. We have elected to use this extended transition period under the JOBS Act. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to the financial statements of issuers who are required to comply with the effective dates for new or revised accounting standards that are applicable to public companies, which may make comparison of our financials to those of other public companies more difficult.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of: (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the completion of our IPO, or December 31, 2025, (b) in which we have total annual gross revenues of $1.235 billion or more, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC, which means the market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous three years.