Living and working in Europe 2025

List of tables

Table 1: Job quality of older employees aged 55+, by job profile and indicators of the job quality index, EU, 2021

Table 2: Implications of unmet housing preferences among young adults (%)

Table 3: Average net wealth, by net wealth percentile, EU-22, 2021 (nominal EUR)

List of figures

Figure 1: Change in difficulty making ends meet, by income level, EU, 2022‒2025 (%)

Figure 2: Unaffordability of basic items for respondents on high and low incomes, EU, 2025 (%)

Figure 3: Respondents experiencing housing insecurity, by income and tenure, EU, 2020‒2025 (%)

Figure 4: Average mental well-being and proportion of respondents at risk of depression, by rounds of e-survey, EU (%)

Figure 5: Work location of respondents in teleworkable occupations, EU, 2022‒2025 (%)

Figure 6: Social and institutional trust, by income level, EU, 2025 (scale 1‒10)

Figure 7: Concern about environmental issues, by age and number of climate impacts experienced, EU, 2025 (%)

Figure 8: Prevalence of adverse social behaviours, by gender, EU, 2024 (%)

Figure 9: Skills and discretion index, by gender, EU, 2010-2024 (scale of 0-100)

Figure 10: Use of generative AI tools, by gender and age group, EU-27 (%)

Figure 11: Relative importance of several work-related aspects, EU (%)

Figure 12: Minimum wages in the EU in 2025 (monthly national minimum wages converted to 12 monthly payments in euro)

Figure 13: Proportion of employees earning close to the minimum wage, EU, 2007 and 2023 (%)

Figure 14: Housing costs as a proportion of total disposable income for full-time employees in single-adult households, EU Member States, 2023 (%)

Figure 15: Retention rate by age group, EU-27, 2010-2022 (%)

Figure 16: Job profiles of employees aged 55+, by sector, EU-27, 2021 (%)

Figure 17: Intensity of caregiving among unpaid carers (hours per week), by gender, 2014 and 2024 (%)

Figure 18: Share of unpaid carers in paid work reporting implications of caring responsibilities for working life, EU, 2022 (%)

Figure 19: Policy wheel regarding support for unpaid carers

Figure 20: Employment share by occupation,1995-2023, EU-12 (%)

Figure 21: Job gains and losses in large-scale restructuring announcements, EU-27, 2021-2025

Figure 22: Restructuring announcements in the EU's vehicle manufacturing sector, 2019-2026

Figure 23: Job vacancy rates in the EU construction sector and the economy as a whole, by quarter, 2014-2024 (%)

Figure 24: Skills matching in the construction sector and the rest of the economy, EU-27, 2010, 2015 and 2024 (%)

Figure 25: Share of employment by enterprise size (number of employees) in each tourism subsector, EU-27, 2023 (%)

Figure 26: Employment in the tourism sector, EU-27, 2010-2023 (millions)

Figure 27: Housing insecurity among non-homeowners, EU Member States and the EU-27, 2025 (%)

Figure 28: Housing status, EU-22 and Member States, 2021 (%)

Figure 29: Eurofound housing dashboard - inability to keep home adequately warm, EU Member States, 2023 (%)

Figure 30: Young adults (aged 25-34) living in the parental home, 2023 (%)

Figure 31: Percentage of income spent on housing costs, by age cohort, 2023

Figure 32: Housing costs as a proportion of total disposable income for full-time employees in single-adult households, EU, 2023 (%)

Figure 33: Housing cost overburden rate (2023) and overcrowding rate (2024) for single-parent households versus other groups

Figure 34: Share of the population at risk of clinical depression, 13 Member States, 2006, 2014 and 2024 (%)

Figure 35: Suicide deaths, standardised numbers per 100,000 people, EU

Figure 36: Prevalence of depression by educational attainment and gender, EU, 2024 (%)

Figure 37: Prevalence of depression by household type and number of close confidants, EU, 2024 (%)

Figure 38: Limitation in daily activities, economic activity status and depression, EU, 2024

Figure 39: Barriers to accessing mental healthcare among people who experienced an emotional or psychosocial problem, by type of barrier, EU, 2023 (%)

Figure 40: Reported unmet mental healthcare needs, EU (%)

Figure 41: Problematic social media use, EU and Norway, 2018 and 2022 (%)

Figure 42: Average trust in national government and in the EU, by age group, 2020-2025 (scale 1-10)

Figure 43: Social and institutional trust, by income level, EU, 2025 (scale 1‒10)

Figure 44: Average satisfaction with democracy, by age and gender, EU (scale of 1‒10)

Figure 45: Trust in institutions, systems and media, EU Member States and the EU-27, 2025 (scale 1-10)

Figure 46: Satisfaction with government's response to war in Ukraine, panel, 2022-2024 (%)

Figure 47: Change in support for government aid to Ukraine and Ukrainians, by level of deprivation, panel, 2024 (%)

Figure 48: Overview of the findings of quantitative evaluations investigating the impact of pay transparency on the gender pay gap, by country

Figure 49: Overview of Pay Transparency Directive implementation status, by Member State (as of September 2025)

Figure 50: Net wealth inequality, wealth share by wealth percentile, EU-22 and Member States, 2021

Figure 51: Average asset portfolio, by net wealth quintile, EU-22, 2021 (% of gross assets)

Figure 52: Contribution of housing and non-housing wealth to the Gini of total net wealth, Member States, 2021

Figure 53: Median net wealth, by age group, EU-22, 2010-2021 (EUR at 2021 prices)

Figure 54: Median net wealth, depending on receipt of substantial gifts or inheritance, by age group and educational attainment, EU-22, 2021 (EUR)