Collective bargaining beyond pay: An analysis of collective agreements in selected low-paid sectors

List of tables

Table 1: Summary of the research questions

Table 2: Low-paid sectors of interest selected from the pilot project database

Table 3: Industrial democracy clusters in the EU-27 (2008-2021)

Table 4: Number of coded collective agreements per sector, compared with the overall available number of collective agreements in the Minimum Wage Database

Table 5: Examples of descriptive/declarative and substantive/transformative clauses

Table 6: Interplay between collective bargaining and legislation with regard to selected topics

Table 7: Number of coded clauses per country

Table 8: Three most frequent topics (level 1 codes) per country

Table 9: Number of changes in collective agreements by country

Table 10: Number of changes in collective agreements by sector

Table 11: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'terms of collective agreements'

Table 12: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'terms of employment'

Table 13: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'wages and remuneration'

Table 14: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'allowances and bonuses'

Table 15: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'working time'

Table 16: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'leave'

Table 17: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'OSH'

Table 18: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'social protection and social security'

Table 19: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'work organisation and work transitions'

Table 20: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'work environment'

Table 21: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'training'

Table 22: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'labour relations'

Table 23: Number and proportion of clauses coded under 'other'

Table 24: Summary overview of missing clauses (comparison between 2015 and 2022 or the closest years available)

Table 25: Allowances and bonuses in collective agreements in the three low-paid sectors of interest

Table 26: Most frequent other allowances found in collective agreements

Table 27: New emerging themes in clauses on allowances and bonuses

Table 28: High-earning worker profile in the highest salary group - meat industry (Finland)

Table 29: High-earning worker profile in the lowest salary group - retail sector (Slovakia)

Table 30: Working time in collective agreements in the three low-paid sectors of interest

Table 31: Other working time-related provisions found in collective agreements

Table 32: New emerging themes in clauses on working time

Table 33: Comparison of paid leave provisions found in two collective agreements

Table 34: Clauses on training and skills development in collective agreements in the three low-paid sectors of interest

Table 35: New emerging themes in clauses on training

Table 36: OSH clauses in collective agreements in the three low-paid sectors of interest

Table 37: New emerging themes in OSH

Table A1: Number of coded clauses per agreement, sector and country with bargaining level and estimated coverage

Table A2: Scatter plots on the relationship between the overall number of coded clauses and the number of clauses per each main code

Table A3: List of contributors from the Network of Eurofound Correspondents

List of figures

Figure 1: Collective bargaining coverage rates and trade union density rates in selected Member States and Norway

Figure 2: Main topics analysed in collective agreements (level 1 codes)

Figure 3: Stages of the project

Figure 4: Number of topics by form of regulation and country

Figure 5: Number of coded clauses per country and average number of clauses per agreement

Figure 6: Number of coded clauses per country and sector

Figure 7: Share of coded clauses per country and sector (%)

Figure 8: Number of coded clauses by main topic (level 1)

Figure 9: Ranking of topics by the average of the country averages for references in 94 agreements

Figure 10: Number of coded clauses per main topic and sector

Figure 11: Relationship between the total number of clauses and the number of clauses coded as (a) allowances and bonuses and (b) work environment

Figure 12: Proportions of (a) clauses coded as descriptive or substantive (total) and (b) clauses that are new, changed or not changed (total) (%)

Figure 13: Proportion of descriptive/substantive clauses grouped by their main topic (%)

Figure 14: Number of coded clauses at all category levels (part 1)

Figure 15: Number of coded clauses at all category levels (part 2)

Figure 16: Shares of clause types by country

Figure 17: Share of clauses per main topic in the manufacture of FLTC sector (%)

Figure 18: Share of clauses per main topic in the residential and social care sector (%)

Figure 19: Share of clauses per main topic in the retail sector (%)

Figure 20: Types of clauses by sector

Figure 21: Terms of collective agreements - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 22: Terms of employment - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 23: Wages and remuneration - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 24: Allowances and bonuses - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 25: Working time - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 26: Leave - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 27: OSH - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 28: Social protection and social security - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 29: Work organisation and work transitions - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 30: Work environment - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 31: Training - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 32: Labour relations - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 33: Other - (a) proportions of clauses coded as descriptive or substantive and (b) proportions of clauses that are new, changed or not changed (%)

Figure 34: Eurofound's seven dimensions of job quality with the indicators composing each dimension and corresponding codes from the CBBP project

Figure A1: Number of clauses by collective agreement

Figure A2: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in Austria

Figure A3: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in Belgium

Figure A4: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in Croatia

Figure A5: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in Czechia

Figure A6: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in Finland

Figure A7: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in France

Figure A8: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in Italy

Figure A9: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in the Netherlands

Figure A10: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in Norway

Figure A11: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in Portugal

Figure A12: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in Slovakia

Figure A13: Number of clauses coded under level 1 main topics in Spain