New UNESCO report on TVET recommendations to improve global skills development

Key findings

The TVET landscape has recently experienced significant changes, driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, digitalization, and the need for lifelong learning. Over 67% of Member States have incorporated the 2015 TVET recommendations into their national policies, showing a commitment to using TVET as a tool for decent work, sustainable development, and social equity. Key trends from this consultation include the rise of online learning, enhanced governance through inter-ministerial cooperation, and a growing focus on sustainability. Over 68% of the Member States have introduced green TVET policies, indicating a global shift toward sustainable education models.

Strengthening TVET governance and public profile

One of the notable successes has been the increased coordination between various governmental ministries to strengthen TVET governance. The report shows that around 79% of Member States have enhanced stakeholder participation, particularly from the private sector and social partners such as trade unions and civil society organizations.

Moreover, the report highlights that 90% of Member States have policies directly or indirectly related to TVET, with many introducing measures to boost the public profile and attractiveness of TVET programmes. For example, reforms in curricula have made them more demand-driven, which improves the relevance of education to industry needs. Additionally, several Member States have increased the flexibility of training delivery, making TVET more accessible to marginalised communities through scholarships, free TVET programmes, and incentives for women and girls.

Addressing equity and access

The report highlights significant progress in expanding access to TVET, with 78% of Member States implementing measures like free training or scholarships for disadvantaged groups. Efforts to support women and girls have also grown, with 66% of countries introducing gender-focused initiatives, such as female-friendly infrastructure or quotas in male-dominated sectors.

The role of digitalisation and 'Industry 4.0'

Nearly 85% of reporting countries have adopted policies or practices to digitize their TVET systems, integrating information and communication technologies into both teaching and administration. Many countries, particularly in North America and Western Europe, are aligning their TVET strategies with the needs of 'Industry 4.0' by developing specific policies to prepare learners for new digitalised labour markets. These reforms aim to integrate work-based learning opportunities, such as apprenticeships, into digital industries.

Promoting lifelong learning and flexibility

The concept of lifelong learning has been central to recent TVET reforms. About 74% of countries reported efforts to expand learning beyond the traditional classroom, making it accessible across all stages of life. This aligns with the growing demand for flexible and modular learning pathways, enabling workers to upskill or reskill throughout their careers. By incorporating work-based learning and continuing professional development, TVET systems are becoming more adaptable to the changing job market.

Looking forward: Challenges and opportunities

The report highlights significant progress, with 75% of Member States integrating the TVET recommendations into their policies. However, key challenges remain, particularly in the Global South, where issues related to governance, funding, and inclusion persist. The pandemic further exposed gaps in digital infrastructure, especially in low-income countries where access to online learning is limited.

Despite advancements, there are still obstacles in improving access for out-of-school youth and those in the informal economy. Informal apprenticeships, which play a crucial role in many regions, often lack recognition in formal TVET strategies and require more attention to ensure they fully benefit all sectors of society.

To address these issues, the report suggests increasing investments in TVET systems with a focus on equity, quality, and sustainability.

UNESCO's mission is grounded in the conviction that education is a fundamental human right and a key driver for creating more inclusive and sustainable societies. Through its diverse initiatives, research, and partnerships with Member States, UNESCO remains at the forefront of efforts to empower individuals, broaden access to education, and equip people to succeed in an evolving global job market. The findings from this report offer valuable guidance for shaping future reforms and fostering innovation in the TVET sector.